Euler characteristic of an orbifold
In differential geometry, the Euler characteristic of an orbifold, or orbifold Euler characteristic, is a generalization of the topological Euler characteristic that includes contributions coming from
Lie sphere geometry
Lie sphere geometry is a geometrical theory of planar or spatial geometry in which the fundamental concept is the circle or sphere. It was introduced by Sophus Lie in the nineteenth century. The main
Minkowski problem
In differential geometry, the Minkowski problem, named after Hermann Minkowski, asks for the construction of a strictly convex compact surface S whose Gaussian curvature is specified. More precisely,
Presymplectic form
In Geometric Mechanics a presymplectic form is a closed differential 2-form of constant rank on a manifold. However, some authors use different definitions. Recently, Hajduk and Walczak defined a pres
Ricci decomposition
In the mathematical fields of Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, the Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor of a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold into
Abstract differential geometry
The adjective abstract has often been applied to differential geometry before, but the abstract differential geometry (ADG) of this article is a form of differential geometry without the calculus noti
Third fundamental form
In differential geometry, the third fundamental form is a surface metric denoted by . Unlike the second fundamental form, it is independent of the surface normal.
Mabuchi functional
In mathematics, and especially complex geometry, the Mabuchi functional or K-energy functional is a functional on the space of Kähler potentials of a compact Kähler manifold whose critical points are
Maximal surface
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a maximal surface is a certain kind of submanifold of a Lorentzian manifold. Precisely, given a Lorentzian manifold (M, g), a maximal surface is a s
Yau's conjecture
In differential geometry, Yau's conjecture from 1982, is a mathematical conjecture which states that a closed Riemannian 3-manifold has an infinite number of smooth closed immersed minimal surfaces. I
Finsler manifold
In mathematics, particularly differential geometry, a Finsler manifold is a differentiable manifold M where a (possibly asymmetric) Minkowski functional F(x, −) is provided on each tangent space TxM,
Mean curvature
In mathematics, the mean curvature of a surface is an extrinsic measure of curvature that comes from differential geometry and that locally describes the curvature of an embedded surface in some ambie
Banach bundle
In mathematics, a Banach bundle is a vector bundle each of whose fibres is a Banach space, i.e. a complete normed vector space, possibly of infinite dimension.
G-fibration
In algebraic topology, a G-fibration or principal fibration is a generalization of a principal G-bundle, just as a fibration is a generalization of a fiber bundle. By definition, given a topological m
Homological mirror symmetry
Homological mirror symmetry is a mathematical conjecture made by Maxim Kontsevich. It seeks a systematic mathematical explanation for a phenomenon called mirror symmetry first observed by physicists s
Yamabe invariant
In mathematics, in the field of differential geometry, the Yamabe invariant, also referred to as the sigma constant, is a real number invariant associated to a smooth manifold that is preserved under
Minimal surface
In mathematics, a minimal surface is a surface that locally minimizes its area. This is equivalent to having zero mean curvature (see definitions below). The term "minimal surface" is used because the
Milnor–Wood inequality
In mathematics, more specifically in differential geometry and geometric topology, the Milnor–Wood inequality is an obstruction to endow circle bundles over surfaces with a flat structure. It is named
Neovius surface
In differential geometry, the Neovius surface is a triply periodic minimal surface originally discovered by Finnish mathematician Edvard Rudolf Neovius (the uncle of Rolf Nevanlinna). The surface has
Rizza manifold
In differential geometry a Rizza manifold, named after Giovanni Battista Rizza, is an almost complex manifold also supporting a Finsler structure: this kind of manifold is also referred as almost Herm
Projective vector field
A projective vector field (projective) is a smooth vector field on a semi Riemannian manifold (p.ex. spacetime) whose flow preserves the geodesic structure of without necessarily preserving the affine
Weitzenböck identity
In mathematics, in particular in differential geometry, mathematical physics, and representation theory a Weitzenböck identity, named after Roland Weitzenböck, expresses a relationship between two sec
Maurer–Cartan form
In mathematics, the Maurer–Cartan form for a Lie group G is a distinguished differential one-form on G that carries the basic infinitesimal information about the structure of G. It was much used by Él
Supergeometry
Supergeometry is differential geometry of modules over graded commutative algebras, supermanifolds and graded manifolds. Supergeometry is part and parcel of many classical and quantum field theories i
Eguchi–Hanson space
In mathematics and theoretical physics, the Eguchi–Hanson space is a non-compact, self-dual, asymptotically locally Euclidean (ALE) metric on the cotangent bundle of the 2-sphere T*S2. The holonomy gr
Laplace operators in differential geometry
In differential geometry there are a number of second-order, linear, elliptic differential operators bearing the name Laplacian. This article provides an overview of some of them.
Localization formula for equivariant cohomology
In differential geometry, the localization formula states: for an equivariantly closed equivariant differential form on an orbifold M with a torus action and for a sufficient small in the Lie algebra
Yang–Mills equations
In physics and mathematics, and especially differential geometry and gauge theory, the Yang–Mills equations are a system of partial differential equations for a connection on a vector bundle or princi
Glossary of differential geometry and topology
This is a glossary of terms specific to differential geometry and differential topology. The following three glossaries are closely related:
* Glossary of general topology
* Glossary of algebraic to
Arithmetic Fuchsian group
Arithmetic Fuchsian groups are a special class of Fuchsian groups constructed using orders in quaternion algebras. They are particular instances of arithmetic groups. The prototypical example of an ar
Hitchin's equations
In mathematics, and in particular differential geometry and gauge theory, Hitchin's equations are a system of partial differential equations for a connection and Higgs field on a vector bundle or prin
Generalized flag variety
In mathematics, a generalized flag variety (or simply flag variety) is a homogeneous space whose points are flags in a finite-dimensional vector space V over a field F. When F is the real or complex n
Willmore energy
In differential geometry, the Willmore energy is a quantitative measure of how much a given surface deviates from a round sphere. Mathematically, the Willmore energy of a smooth closed surface embedde
Equivariant index theorem
In differential geometry, the equivariant index theorem, of which there are several variants, computes the (graded) trace of an element of a compact Lie group acting in given setting in terms of the i
Principal geodesic analysis
In geometric data analysis and statistical shape analysis, principal geodesic analysis is a generalization of principal component analysis to a non-Euclidean, non-linear setting of manifolds suitable
Deformed Hermitian Yang–Mills equation
In mathematics and theoretical physics, and especially gauge theory, the deformed Hermitian Yang–Mills (dHYM) equation is a differential equation describing the equations of motion for a D-brane in th
Spin geometry
In mathematics, spin geometry is the area of differential geometry and topology where objects like spin manifolds and Dirac operators, and the various associated index theorems have come to play a fun
Chern–Weil homomorphism
In mathematics, the Chern–Weil homomorphism is a basic construction in Chern–Weil theory that computes topological invariants of vector bundles and principal bundles on a smooth manifold M in terms of
Hermitian Yang–Mills connection
In mathematics, and in particular gauge theory and complex geometry, a Hermitian Yang–Mills connection (or Hermite-Einstein connection) is a Chern connection associated to an inner product on a holomo
3-torus
The three-dimensional torus, or 3-torus, is defined as any topological space that is homeomorphic to the Cartesian product of three circles, In contrast, the usual torus is the Cartesian product of on
Santaló's formula
In differential geometry, Santaló's formula describes how to integrate a function on the unit sphere bundle of a Riemannian manifold by first integrating along every geodesic separately and then over
Equivariant differential form
In differential geometry, an equivariant differential form on a manifold M acted upon by a Lie group G is a polynomial map from the Lie algebra to the space of differential forms on M that are equivar
Spray (mathematics)
In differential geometry, a spray is a vector field H on the tangent bundle TM that encodes a quasilinear second order system of ordinary differential equations on the base manifold M. Usually a spray
Acceleration (differential geometry)
In mathematics and physics, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of a curve with respect to a given linear connection. This operation provides us with a measure of the rate and direction of
Plücker embedding
In mathematics, the Plücker map embeds the Grassmannian , whose elements are k-dimensional subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space V, in a projective space, thereby realizing it as an algebraic var
Courant algebroid
In a field of mathematics known as differential geometry, a Courant geometry was originally introduced by Zhang-Ju Liu, Alan Weinstein and Ping Xu in their investigation of doubles of Lie bialgebroids
Geodesics on an ellipsoid
The study of geodesics on an ellipsoid arose in connection with geodesy specifically with the solution of triangulation networks. The figure of the Earth is well approximated by an oblate ellipsoid, a
Hermitian manifold
In mathematics, and more specifically in differential geometry, a Hermitian manifold is the complex analogue of a Riemannian manifold. More precisely, a Hermitian manifold is a complex manifold with a
Liouville's equation
In differential geometry, Liouville's equation, named after Joseph Liouville, is the nonlinear partial differential equation satisfied by the conformal factor f of a metric f2(dx2 + dy2) on a surface
Transversality theorem
In differential topology, the transversality theorem, also known as the Thom transversality theorem after French mathematician René Thom, is a major result that describes the transverse intersection p
Björling problem
In differential geometry, the Björling problem is the problem of finding a minimal surface passing through a given curve with prescribed normal (or tangent planes). The problem was posed and solved by
Hermitian symmetric space
In mathematics, a Hermitian symmetric space is a Hermitian manifold which at every point has an inversion symmetry preserving the Hermitian structure. First studied by Élie Cartan, they form a natural
Flat map
In differential geometry, flat map is a mapping that converts vectors into corresponding 1-forms, given a non-degenerate (0,2)-tensor.
Lie derivative
In differential geometry, the Lie derivative (/liː/ LEE), named after Sophus Lie by Władysław Ślebodziński, evaluates the change of a tensor field (including scalar functions, vector fields and one-fo
Connection (fibred manifold)
In differential geometry, a fibered manifold is surjective submersion of smooth manifolds Y → X. Locally trivial fibered manifolds are fiber bundles. Therefore, a notion of connection on fibered manif
Natural bundle
In mathematics, a natural bundle is any fiber bundle associated to the s-frame bundle for some . It turns out that its transition functions depend functionally on local changes of coordinates in the b
Envelope (mathematics)
In geometry, an envelope of a planar family of curves is a curve that is tangent to each member of the family at some point, and these points of tangency together form the whole envelope. Classically,
Gromov's compactness theorem (geometry)
In the mathematical field of metric geometry, Mikhael Gromov proved a fundamental compactness theorem for sequences of metric spaces. In the special case of Riemannian manifolds, the key assumption of
Natural pseudodistance
In size theory, the natural pseudodistance between two size pairs , is the value , where varies in the set of all homeomorphisms from the manifold to the manifold and is the supremum norm. If and are
Secondary vector bundle structure
In mathematics, particularly differential topology, the secondary vector bundle structurerefers to the natural vector bundle structure (TE, p∗, TM) on the total space TE of the tangent bundle of a smo
Web (differential geometry)
In mathematics, a web permits an intrinsic characterization in terms of Riemannian geometry of the additive separation of variables in the Hamilton–Jacobi equation.
Dynamic fluid film equations
Fluid films, such as soap films, are commonly encountered in everyday experience. A soap film can be formed by dipping a closed contour wire into a soapy solution as in the figure on the right. Altern
G2-structure
In differential geometry, a -structure is an important type of G-structure that can be defined on a smooth manifold. If M is a smooth manifold of dimension seven, then a G2-structure is a reduction of
K-stability
In mathematics, and especially differential and algebraic geometry, K-stability is an algebro-geometric stability condition, for complex manifolds and complex algebraic varieties. The notion of K-stab
Covariance and contravariance of vectors
In physics, especially in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a chan
Inverse mean curvature flow
In the mathematical fields of differential geometry and geometric analysis, inverse mean curvature flow (IMCF) is a geometric flow of submanifolds of a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold. It has
Sharp map
In differential geometry, the sharp map is the mapping that converts 1-forms into corresponding vectors, given a non-degenerate (0,2)-tensor.
Gaussian curvature
In differential geometry, the Gaussian curvature or Gauss curvature Κ of a surface at a point is the product of the principal curvatures, κ1 and κ2, at the given point: The Gaussian radius of curvatur
Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
In differential geometry, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold, also called a semi-Riemannian manifold, is a differentiable manifold with a metric tensor that is everywhere nondegenerate. This is a generaliza
Center of curvature
In geometry, the center of curvature of a curve is found at a point that is at a distance from the curve equal to the radius of curvature lying on the normal vector. It is the point at infinity if the
Invariant differential operator
In mathematics and theoretical physics, an invariant differential operator is a kind of mathematical map from some objects to an object of similar type. These objects are typically functions on , func
Huisken's monotonicity formula
In differential geometry, Huisken's monotonicity formula states that, if an n-dimensional surface in (n + 1)-dimensional Euclidean space undergoes the mean curvature flow, then its convolution with an
Differential form
In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneere
Polar action
In mathematics, a polar action is a proper and isometric action of a Lie group G on a complete Riemannian manifold M for which there exists a complete submanifold Σ that meets all the orbits and meets
Wirtinger inequality (2-forms)
In mathematics, the Wirtinger inequality for 2-forms, named after Wilhelm Wirtinger, states that on a Kähler manifold M, the exterior kth power of the symplectic form (Kähler form) ω, when evaluated o
Tensor density
In differential geometry, a tensor density or relative tensor is a generalization of the tensor field concept. A tensor density transforms as a tensor field when passing from one coordinate system to
Tensor product bundle
In differential geometry, the tensor product of vector bundles E, F (over same space ) is a vector bundle, denoted by E ⊗ F, whose fiber over a point is the tensor product of vector spaces Ex ⊗ Fx. Ex
Complex hyperbolic space
In mathematics, hyperbolic complex space is a Hermitian manifold which is the equivalent of the real hyperbolic space in the context of complex manifolds. The complex hyperbolic space is a Kähler mani
Geometric analysis
Geometric analysis is a mathematical discipline where tools from differential equations, especially elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs), are used to establish new results in differential ge
Moving frame
In mathematics, a moving frame is a flexible generalization of the notion of an ordered basis of a vector space often used to study the extrinsic differential geometry of smooth manifolds embedded in
Gromov's inequality for complex projective space
In Riemannian geometry, Gromov's optimal stable 2-systolic inequality is the inequality , valid for an arbitrary Riemannian metric on the complex projective space, where the optimal bound is attainedb
Contact (mathematics)
In mathematics, two functions have a contact of order k if, at a point P, they have the same value and k equal derivatives. This is an equivalence relation, whose equivalence classes are generally cal
Instanton
An instanton (or pseudoparticle) is a notion appearing in theoretical and mathematical physics. An instanton is a classical solution to equations of motion with a , non-zero action, either in quantum
Glossary of Riemannian and metric geometry
This is a glossary of some terms used in Riemannian geometry and metric geometry — it doesn't cover the terminology of differential topology. The following articles may also be useful; they either con
Winding number
In mathematics, the winding number or winding index of a closed curve in the plane around a given point is an integer representing the total number of times that curve travels counterclockwise around
Liouville field theory
In physics, Liouville field theory (or simply Liouville theory) is a two-dimensional conformal field theory whose classical equation of motion is a generalization of Liouville's equation. Liouville th
Affine geometry of curves
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the affine geometry of curves is the study of curves in an affine space, and specifically the properties of such curves which are invariant under th
Pullback (differential geometry)
Suppose that φ : M → N is a smooth map between smooth manifolds M and N. Then there is an associated linear map from the space of 1-forms on N (the linear space of sections of the cotangent bundle) to
Bitangent
In geometry, a bitangent to a curve C is a line L that touches C in two distinct points P and Q and that has the same direction as C at these points. That is, L is a tangent line at P and at Q.
Time dependent vector field
In mathematics, a time dependent vector field is a construction in vector calculus which generalizes the concept of vector fields. It can be thought of as a vector field which moves as time passes. Fo
Thurston norm
In mathematics, the Thurston norm is a function on the second homology group of an oriented 3-manifold introduced by William Thurston, which measures in a natural way the topological complexity of hom
Bundle gerbe
In mathematics, a bundle gerbe is a geometrical model of certain 1-gerbes with connection, or equivalently of a 2-class in Deligne cohomology.
Frenet–Serret formulas
In differential geometry, the Frenet–Serret formulas describe the kinematic properties of a particle moving along a differentiable curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space R3, or the geometric prope
Diffeology
In mathematics, a diffeology on a set generalizes the concept of smooth charts in a differentiable manifold, declaring what the "smooth parametrizations" in the set are. The concept was first introduc
Weyl integration formula
In mathematics, the Weyl integration formula, introduced by Hermann Weyl, is an integration formula for a compact connected Lie group G in terms of a maximal torus T. Precisely, it says there exists a
General covariance
In theoretical physics, general covariance, also known as diffeomorphism covariance or general invariance, consists of the invariance of the form of physical laws under arbitrary differentiable coordi
L² cohomology
In mathematics, L2 cohomology is a cohomology theory for smooth non-compact manifolds M with Riemannian metric. It is defined in the same way as de Rham cohomology except that one uses square-integrab
Parallelization (mathematics)
In mathematics, a parallelization of a manifold of dimension n is a set of n global smooth linearly independent vector fields.
Immersion (mathematics)
In mathematics, an immersion is a differentiable function between differentiable manifolds whose differential (or pushforward) is everywhere injective. Explicitly, f : M → N is an immersion if is an i
Bernstein's problem
In differential geometry, Bernstein's problem is as follows: if the graph of a function on Rn−1 is a minimal surface in Rn, does this imply that the function is linear? This is true in dimensions n at
Geodesic
In geometry, a geodesic (/ˌdʒiː.əˈdɛsɪk, -oʊ-, -ˈdiːsɪk, -zɪk/) is a curve representing in some sense the shortest path (arc) between two points in a surface, or more generally in a Riemannian manifol
Iwasawa manifold
In mathematics, in the field of differential geometry, an Iwasawa manifold is a compact quotient of a 3-dimensional complex Heisenberg group by a cocompact, discrete subgroup. An Iwasawa manifold is a
Quaternionic manifold
In differential geometry, a quaternionic manifold is a quaternionic analog of a complex manifold. The definition is more complicated and technical than the one for complex manifolds due in part to the
(G,X)-manifold
In geometry, if X is a manifold with an action of a topological group G by analytical diffeomorphisms, the notion of a (G, X)-structure on a topological space is a way to formalise it being locally is
Integral curve
In mathematics, an integral curve is a parametric curve that represents a specific solution to an ordinary differential equation or system of equations.
Reilly formula
In the mathematical field of Riemannian geometry, the Reilly formula is an important identity, discovered by Robert Reilly in 1977. It says that, given a smooth Riemannian manifold-with-boundary (M, g
Differential geometry
Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that studies the geometry of smooth shapes and smooth spaces, otherwise known as smooth manifolds. It uses the techniques of differential calculus, i
Haken manifold
In mathematics, a Haken manifold is a compact, P²-irreducible 3-manifold that is sufficiently large, meaning that it contains a properly embedded two-sided incompressible surface. Sometimes one consid
G-structure on a manifold
In differential geometry, a G-structure on an n-manifold M, for a given structure group G, is a principal G-subbundle of the tangent frame bundle FM (or GL(M)) of M. The notion of G-structures include
Affine bundle
In mathematics, an affine bundle is a fiber bundle whose typical fiber, fibers, trivialization morphisms and transition functions are affine.
Affine connection
In differential geometry, an affine connection is a geometric object on a smooth manifold which connects nearby tangent spaces, so it permits tangent vector fields to be differentiated as if they were
Projective connection
In differential geometry, a projective connection is a type of Cartan connection on a differentiable manifold. The structure of a projective connection is modeled on the geometry of projective space,
Torsion of a curve
In the differential geometry of curves in three dimensions, the torsion of a curve measures how sharply it is twisting out of the osculating plane. Taken together, the curvature and the torsion of a s
Upper half-plane
In mathematics, the upper half-plane, is the set of points (x, y) in the Cartesian plane with y > 0.
Analytic torsion
In mathematics, Reidemeister torsion (or R-torsion, or Reidemeister–Franz torsion) is a topological invariant of manifolds introduced by Kurt Reidemeister for 3-manifolds and generalized to higher dim
Isothermal coordinates
In mathematics, specifically in differential geometry, isothermal coordinates on a Riemannian manifold are local coordinates where the metric is conformal to the Euclidean metric. This means that in i
Round function
In topology and in calculus, a round function is a scalar function , over a manifold , whose critical points form one or several connected components, each homeomorphic to the circle , also called cri
Kulkarni–Nomizu product
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Kulkarni–Nomizu product (named for Ravindra Shripad Kulkarni and Katsumi Nomizu) is defined for two (0, 2)-tensors and gives as a result a (0, 4
Lichnerowicz formula
The Lichnerowicz formula (also known as the Lichnerowicz–Weitzenböck formula) is a fundamental equation in the analysis of spinors on pseudo-Riemannian manifolds. In dimension 4, it forms a piece of S
Courant bracket
In a field of mathematics known as differential geometry, the Courant bracket is a generalization of the Lie bracket from an operation on the tangent bundle to an operation on the direct sum of the ta
Associated bundle
In mathematics, the theory of fiber bundles with a structure group (a topological group) allows an operation of creating an associated bundle, in which the typical fiber of a bundle changes from to ,
Pseudogroup
In mathematics, a pseudogroup is a set of diffeomorphisms between open sets of a space, satisfying group-like and sheaf-like properties. It is a generalisation of the concept of a group, originating h
Affine curvature
Special affine curvature, also known as the equiaffine curvature or affine curvature, is a particular type of curvature that is defined on a plane curve that remains unchanged under a special affine t
Gauge covariant derivative
The gauge covariant derivative is a variation of the covariant derivative used in general relativity, quantum field theory and fluid dynamics. If a theory has gauge transformations, it means that some
Involute
In mathematics, an involute (also known as an evolvent) is a particular type of curve that is dependent on another shape or curve. An involute of a curve is the locus of a point on a piece of taut str
Coordinate-induced basis
In mathematics, a coordinate-induced basis is a basis for the tangent space or cotangent space of a manifold that is induced by a certain coordinate system. Given the coordinate system , the coordinat
Frame (linear algebra)
In linear algebra, a frame of an inner product space is a generalization of a basis of a vector space to sets that may be linearly dependent. In the terminology of signal processing, a frame provides
Hilbert's lemma
Hilbert's lemma was proposed at the end of the 19th century by mathematician David Hilbert. The lemma describes a property of the principal curvatures of surfaces. It may be used to prove Liebmann's t
Curvature of Riemannian manifolds
In mathematics, specifically differential geometry, the infinitesimal geometry of Riemannian manifolds with dimension greater than 2 is too complicated to be described by a single number at a given po
Monopole (mathematics)
In mathematics, a monopole is a connection over a principal bundle G with a section of the associated adjoint bundle.
Pushforward (differential)
In differential geometry, pushforward is a linear approximation of smooth maps on tangent spaces. Suppose that φ : M → N is a smooth map between smooth manifolds; then the differential of φ, , at a po
Myers–Steenrod theorem
Two theorems in the mathematical field of Riemannian geometry bear the name Myers–Steenrod theorem, both from a 1939 paper by Myers and Steenrod. The first states that every distance-preserving map (t
Spherical Bernstein's problem
The spherical Bernstein's problem is a possible generalization of the original Bernstein's problem in the field of global differential geometry, first proposed by Shiing-Shen Chern in 1969, and then l
Ricci curvature
In differential geometry, the Ricci curvature tensor, named after Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, is a geometric object which is determined by a choice of Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian metric on a manifol
Darboux vector
In differential geometry, especially the theory of space curves, the Darboux vector is the angular velocity vector of the Frenet frame of a space curve. It is named after Gaston Darboux who discovered
Petrov classification
In differential geometry and theoretical physics, the Petrov classification (also known as Petrov–Pirani–Penrose classification) describes the possible algebraic symmetries of the Weyl tensor at each
Differentiable stack
A differentiable stack is the analogue in differential geometry of an algebraic stack in algebraic geometry. It can be described either as a stack over differentiable manifolds which admits an atlas,
Sine-Gordon equation
The sine-Gordon equation is a nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equation in 1 + 1 dimensions involving the d'Alembert operator and the sine of the unknown function. It was originally introduce
Reflection lines
Engineers use reflection lines to judge a surface's quality. Reflection lines reveal surface flaws, particularly discontinuities in normals indicating that the surface is not . Reflection lines may be
Normal bundle
In differential geometry, a field of mathematics, a normal bundle is a particular kind of vector bundle, complementary to the tangent bundle, and coming from an embedding (or immersion).
Curvature form
In differential geometry, the curvature form describes curvature of a connection on a principal bundle. The Riemann curvature tensor in Riemannian geometry can be considered as a special case.
Whitehead manifold
In mathematics, the Whitehead manifold is an open 3-manifold that is contractible, but not homeomorphic to J. H. C. Whitehead discovered this puzzling object while he was trying to prove the Poincaré
Connection (composite bundle)
Composite bundles play a prominent role in gauge theory with symmetry breaking, e.g., gauge gravitation theory, non-autonomous mechanics where is the time axis, e.g., mechanics with time-dependent par
Conformal Killing vector field
In conformal geometry, a conformal Killing vector field on a manifold of dimension n with (pseudo) Riemannian metric (also called a conformal Killing vector, CKV, or conformal colineation), is a vecto
Connection (principal bundle)
In mathematics, and especially differential geometry and gauge theory, a connection is a device that defines a notion of parallel transport on the bundle; that is, a way to "connect" or identify fiber
Bäcklund transform
In mathematics, Bäcklund transforms or Bäcklund transformations (named after the Swedish mathematician Albert Victor Bäcklund) relate partial differential equations and their solutions. They are an im
Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket
In mathematics, the Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket is an extension of the Lie bracket of vector fields to vector-valued differential forms on a differentiable manifold. It is useful in the study of conne
Darboux frame
In the differential geometry of surfaces, a Darboux frame is a natural moving frame constructed on a surface. It is the analog of the Frenet–Serret frame as applied to surface geometry. A Darboux fram
Osculating plane
In mathematics, particularly in differential geometry, an osculating plane is a plane in a Euclidean space or affine space which meets a submanifold at a point in such a way as to have a second order
Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function
The Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function is a zeta function encoding the eigenvalues of the Laplacian of a compact Riemannian manifold. It was introduced by Subbaramiah Minakshisundaram and Åke Plei
Diffiety
In mathematics, a diffiety (/dəˈfaɪəˌtiː/) is a geometrical object which plays the same role in the modern theory of partial differential equations that algebraic varieties play for algebraic equation
Catalan's minimal surface
In differential geometry, Catalan's minimal surface is a minimal surface originally studied by Eugène Charles Catalan in 1855. It has the special property of being the minimal surface that contains a
Kronheimer–Mrowka basic class
In mathematics, the Kronheimer–Mrowka basic classes are elements of the second cohomology H2(X) of a simple smooth 4-manifold X that determine its Donaldson polynomials. They were introduced by P. B.
Normal plane (geometry)
A normal plane is any plane containing the normal vector of a surface at a particular point. The normal plane also refers to the plane that is perpendicular to the tangent vector of a space curve; (th
Evolute
In the differential geometry of curves, the evolute of a curve is the locus of all its centers of curvature. That is to say that when the center of curvature of each point on a curve is drawn, the res
Systolic freedom
In differential geometry, systolic freedom refers to the fact that closed Riemannian manifolds may have arbitrarily small volume regardless of their systolic invariants.That is, systolic invariants or
Metric signature
In mathematics, the signature (v, p, r) of a metric tensor g (or equivalently, a real quadratic form thought of as a real symmetric bilinear form on a finite-dimensional vector space) is the number (c
Bundle metric
In differential geometry, the notion of a metric tensor can be extended to an arbitrary vector bundle, and to some principal fiber bundles. This metric is often called a bundle metric, or fibre metric
Kenmotsu manifold
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a Kenmotsu manifold is an almost-contact manifold endowed with a certain kind of Riemannian metric.
Tensor field
In mathematics and physics, a tensor field assigns a tensor to each point of a mathematical space (typically a Euclidean space or manifold). Tensor fields are used in differential geometry, algebraic
Distribution (differential geometry)
In differential geometry, a discipline within mathematics, a distribution on a manifold is an assignment of vector subspaces satisfying certain properties. In the most common situations, a distributio
Development (differential geometry)
In classical differential geometry, development refers to the simple idea of rolling one smooth surface over another in Euclidean space. For example, the tangent plane to a surface (such as the sphere
Ribbon (mathematics)
In differential geometry, a ribbon (or strip) is the combination of a smooth space curve and its corresponding normal vector. More formally, a ribbon denoted by includes a curve given by a three-dimen
Hyperkähler manifold
In differential geometry, a hyperkähler manifold is a Riemannian manifold endowed with three integrable almost complex structures that are Kähler with respect to the Riemannian metric and satisfy the
Tractor bundle
In conformal geometry, the tractor bundle is a particular vector bundle constructed on a conformal manifold whose fibres form an effective representation of the conformal group (see associated bundle)
Filling radius
In Riemannian geometry, the filling radius of a Riemannian manifold X is a metric invariant of X. It was originally introduced in 1983 by Mikhail Gromov, who used it to prove his systolic inequality f
Interior product
In mathematics, the interior product (also known as interior derivative, interior multiplication, inner multiplication, inner derivative, insertion operator, or inner derivation) is a degree −1 (anti)
Lebrun manifold
In mathematics, a LeBrun manifold is a connected sum of copies of the complex projective plane, equipped with an explicit self-dual metric. Here, self-dual means that the Weyl tensor is its own Hodge
Motion (geometry)
In geometry, a motion is an isometry of a metric space. For instance, a plane equipped with the Euclidean distance metric is a metric space in which a mapping associating congruent figures is a motion
Geometry processing
Geometry processing, or mesh processing, is an area of research that uses concepts from applied mathematics, computer science and engineering to design efficient algorithms for the acquisition, recons
Hamiltonian field theory
In theoretical physics, Hamiltonian field theory is the field-theoretic analogue to classical Hamiltonian mechanics. It is a formalism in classical field theory alongside Lagrangian field theory. It a
Shape of the universe
The shape of the universe, in physical cosmology, is the and of the universe. The local features of the geometry of the universe are primarily described by its curvature, whereas the topology of the u
Levi-Civita parallelogramoid
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Levi-Civita parallelogramoid is a quadrilateral in a curved space whose construction generalizes that of a parallelogram in the Euclidean plane.
Hopf conjecture
In mathematics, Hopf conjecture may refer to one of several conjectural statements from differential geometry and topology attributed to Heinz Hopf.
Riemannian connection on a surface
In mathematics, the Riemannian connection on a surface or Riemannian 2-manifold refers to several intrinsic geometric structures discovered by Tullio Levi-Civita, Élie Cartan and Hermann Weyl in the e
Lie bracket of vector fields
In the mathematical field of differential topology, the Lie bracket of vector fields, also known as the Jacobi–Lie bracket or the commutator of vector fields, is an operator that assigns to any two ve
Nearly Kähler manifold
In mathematics, a nearly Kähler manifold is an almost Hermitian manifold , with almost complex structure ,such that the (2,1)-tensor is skew-symmetric. So, for every vector field on . In particular, a
Nonlinear partial differential equation
In mathematics and physics, a nonlinear partial differential equation is a partial differential equation with nonlinear terms. They describe many different physical systems, ranging from gravitation t
Haefliger structure
In mathematics, a Haefliger structure on a topological space is a generalization of a foliation of a manifold, introduced by André Haefliger in 1970. Any foliation on a manifold induces a special kind
Translation surface (differential geometry)
In differential geometry a translation surface is a surface that is generated by translations:
* For two space curves with a common point , the curve is shifted such that point is moving on . By this
Complex manifold
In differential geometry and complex geometry, a complex manifold is a manifold with an atlas of charts to the open unit disc in , such that the transition maps are holomorphic. The term complex manif
Equiareal map
In differential geometry, an equiareal map, sometimes called an authalic map, is a smooth map from one surface to another that preserves the areas of figures.
Nonholonomic system
A nonholonomic system in physics and mathematics is a physical system whose state depends on the path taken in order to achieve it. Such a system is described by a set of parameters subject to differe
Riemann curvature tensor
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Riemann curvature tensor or Riemann–Christoffel tensor (after Bernhard Riemann and Elwin Bruno Christoffel) is the most common way used to expre
Chentsov's theorem
In information geometry, Chentsov's theorem states that the Fisher information metric is, up to rescaling, the unique Riemannian metric on a statistical manifold that is invariant under sufficient sta
Closed manifold
In mathematics, a closed manifold is a manifold without boundary that is compact. In comparison, an open manifold is a manifold without boundary that has only non-compact components.
Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence
In mathematics, Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence allows one to correspond a Lie group to a Lie algebra or vice versa, and study the conditions for such a relationship. Lie groups that are isomorph
Lanczos tensor
The Lanczos tensor or Lanczos potential is a rank 3 tensor in general relativity that generates the Weyl tensor. It was first introduced by Cornelius Lanczos in 1949. The theoretical importance of the
Sphere
A sphere (from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra) 'globe, ball') is a geometrical object that is a three-dimensional analogue to a two-dimensional circle. A sphere is the set of points that are all at the
General covariant transformations
In physics, general covariant transformations are symmetries of gravitation theory on a world manifold . They are gauge transformations whose parameter functions are vector fields on . From the physic
Heat kernel signature
A heat kernel signature (HKS) is a feature descriptor for use in deformable shape analysis and belongs to the group of spectral shape analysis methods. For each point in the shape, HKS defines its fea
Multivector
In multilinear algebra, a multivector, sometimes called Clifford number, is an element of the exterior algebra Λ(V) of a vector space V. This algebra is graded, associative and alternating, and consis
Siegel upper half-space
In mathematics, the Siegel upper half-space of degree g (or genus g) (also called the Siegel upper half-plane) is the set of g × g symmetric matrices over the complex numbers whose imaginary part is p
Double vector bundle
In mathematics, a double vector bundle is the combination of two compatible vector bundle structures, which contains in particular the tangent of a vector bundle and the double tangent bundle .
Tangential and normal components
In mathematics, given a vector at a point on a curve, that vector can be decomposed uniquely as a sum of two vectors, one tangent to the curve, called the tangential component of the vector, and anoth
Hilbert manifold
In mathematics, a Hilbert manifold is a manifold modeled on Hilbert spaces. Thus it is a separable Hausdorff space in which each point has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to an infinite dimensional Hilbe
Spherical image
In differential geometry, the spherical image of a unit-speed curve is given by taking the curve's tangent vectors as points, all of which must lie on the unit sphere. The movement of the spherical im
Essential manifold
In geometry, an essential manifold is a special type of closed manifold. The notion was first introduced explicitly by Mikhail Gromov.
Bochner's formula
In mathematics, Bochner's formula is a statement relating harmonic functions on a Riemannian manifold to the Ricci curvature. The formula is named after the American mathematician Salomon Bochner.
Classification of manifolds
In mathematics, specifically geometry and topology, the classification of manifolds is a basic question, about which much is known, and many open questions remain.
Principal bundle
In mathematics, a principal bundle is a mathematical object that formalizes some of the essential features of the Cartesian product of a space with a group . In the same way as with the Cartesian prod
Pseudotensor
In physics and mathematics, a pseudotensor is usually a quantity that transforms like a tensor under an orientation-preserving coordinate transformation (e.g. a proper rotation) but additionally chang
Jet (mathematics)
In mathematics, the jet is an operation that takes a differentiable function f and produces a polynomial, the truncated Taylor polynomial of f, at each point of its domain. Although this is the defini
Poisson manifold
In differential geometry, a Poisson structure on a smooth manifold is a Lie bracket (called a Poisson bracket in this special case) on the algebra of smooth functions on , subject to the Leibniz rule
Spin connection
In differential geometry and mathematical physics, a spin connection is a connection on a spinor bundle. It is induced, in a canonical manner, from the affine connection. It can also be regarded as th
Dual curve
In projective geometry, a dual curve of a given plane curve C is a curve in the dual projective plane consisting of the set of lines tangent to C. There is a map from a curve to its dual, sending each
Fundamental theorem of curves
In differential geometry, the fundamental theorem of space curves states that every regular curve in three-dimensional space, with non-zero curvature, has its shape (and size or scale) completely dete
Gauss map
In differential geometry, the Gauss map (named after Carl F. Gauss) maps a surface in Euclidean space R3 to the unit sphere S2. Namely, given a surface X lying in R3, the Gauss map is a continuous map
Parabolic geometry (differential geometry)
In differential geometry and the study of Lie groups, a parabolic geometry is a homogeneous space G/P which is the quotient of a semisimple Lie group G by a parabolic subgroup P. More generally, the c
Differentiable curve
Differential geometry of curves is the branch of geometry that deals with smooth curves in the plane and the Euclidean space by methods of differential and integral calculus. Many specific curves have
Gibbons–Hawking ansatz
In mathematics, the Gibbons–Hawking ansatz is a method of constructing gravitational instantons introduced by Gary Gibbons and Stephen Hawking . It gives examples of hyperkähler manifolds in dimension
Almost-contact manifold
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, an almost-contact structure is a certain kind of geometric structure on a smooth manifold. Such structures were introduced by Shigeo Sasaki in 1960.
Geodesic map
In mathematics—specifically, in differential geometry—a geodesic map (or geodesic mapping or geodesic diffeomorphism) is a function that "preserves geodesics". More precisely, given two (pseudo-)Riema
Hyperkähler quotient
In mathematics, the hyperkähler quotient of a hyperkähler manifold acted on by a Lie group G is the quotient of a fiber of a hyperkähler moment map over a G-fixed point by the action of G. It was intr
Monopole moduli space
In mathematics, the monopole moduli space is a space parametrizing monopoles (solutions of the Bogomolny equations). Atiyah and Hitchin studied the moduli space for 2 monopoles in detail and used it t
Variational bicomplex
In mathematics, the Lagrangian theory on fiber bundles is globally formulated in algebraic terms of the variational bicomplex, without appealing to the calculus of variations. For instance, this is th
Developable surface
In mathematics, a developable surface (or torse: archaic) is a smooth surface with zero Gaussian curvature. That is, it is a surface that can be flattened onto a plane without distortion (i.e. it can
Affine Grassmannian (manifold)
In mathematics, there are two distinct meanings of the term affine Grassmannian. In one it is the manifold of all k-dimensional affine subspaces of Rn (described on this page), while in the other the
Mostow rigidity theorem
In mathematics, Mostow's rigidity theorem, or strong rigidity theorem, or Mostow–Prasad rigidity theorem, essentially states that the geometry of a complete, finite-volume hyperbolic manifold of dimen
Geodesic manifold
In mathematics, a complete manifold (or geodesically complete manifold) M is a (pseudo-) Riemannian manifold for which, starting at any point p, you can follow a "straight" line indefinitely along any
Calculus of moving surfaces
The calculus of moving surfaces (CMS) is an extension of the classical tensor calculus to deforming manifolds. Central to the CMS is the Tensorial Time Derivative whose original definition was put for
Tangent space
In mathematics, the tangent space of a manifold generalizes to higher dimensions the notion of tangent planes to surfaces in three dimensions and tangent lines to curves in two dimensions. In the cont
Nadirashvili surface
In differential geometry, a Nadirashvili surface is an immersed complete bounded minimal surface in R3 with negative curvature. The first example of such a surface was constructed by in . This simulta
Isotropic manifold
In mathematics, an isotropic manifold is a manifold in which the geometry does not depend on directions. Formally, we say that a Riemannian manifold is isotropic if for any point and unit vectors , th
Exterior covariant derivative
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the exterior covariant derivative is an extension of the notion of exterior derivative to the setting of a differentiable principal bundle or vector
Riemann's minimal surface
In differential geometry, Riemann's minimal surface is a one-parameter family of minimal surfaces described by Bernhard Riemann in a posthumous paper published in 1867. Surfaces in the family are sing
Connection (mathematics)
In geometry, the notion of a connection makes precise the idea of transporting local geometric objects, such as tangent vectors or tensors in the tangent space, along a curve or family of curves in a
Synthetic differential geometry
In mathematics, synthetic differential geometry is a formalization of the theory of differential geometry in the language of topos theory. There are several insights that allow for such a reformulatio
Symmetric space
In mathematics, a symmetric space is a Riemannian manifold (or more generally, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold) whose group of symmetries contains an inversion symmetry about every point. This can be stu
Bochner identity
In mathematics — specifically, differential geometry — the Bochner identity is an identity concerning harmonic maps between Riemannian manifolds. The identity is named after the American mathematician
Closed geodesic
In differential geometry and dynamical systems, a closed geodesic on a Riemannian manifold is a geodesic that returns to its starting point with the same tangent direction. It may be formalized as the
Cocurvature
In mathematics in the branch of differential geometry, the cocurvature of a connection on a manifold is the obstruction to the integrability of the vertical bundle.
Exponential map (Riemannian geometry)
In Riemannian geometry, an exponential map is a map from a subset of a tangent space TpM of a Riemannian manifold (or pseudo-Riemannian manifold) M to M itself. The (pseudo) Riemannian metric determin
Real projective space
In mathematics, real projective space, denoted or is the topological space of lines passing through the origin 0 in It is a compact, smooth manifold of dimension n, and is a special case of a Grassman
Fisher information metric
In information geometry, the Fisher information metric is a particular Riemannian metric which can be defined on a smooth statistical manifold, i.e., a smooth manifold whose points are probability mea
Atiyah–Hitchin–Singer theorem
In differential geometry and gauge theory, the Atiyah–Hitchin–Singer theorem, introduced by Michael Atiyah, Nigel Hitchin, and Isadore Singer , states that the space of SU(2) anti self dual Yang–Mills
Density on a manifold
In mathematics, and specifically differential geometry, a density is a spatially varying quantity on a differentiable manifold that can be integrated in an intrinsic manner. Abstractly, a density is a
G2 manifold
In differential geometry, a G2 manifold is a seven-dimensional Riemannian manifold with holonomy group contained in G2. The group is one of the five exceptional simple Lie groups. It can be described
Volume entropy
The volume entropy is an asymptotic invariant of a compact Riemannian manifold that measures the exponential growth rate of the volume of metric balls in its universal cover. This concept is closely r
Atiyah conjecture
In mathematics, the Atiyah conjecture is a collective term for a number of statements about restrictions on possible values of -Betti numbers.
Arithmetic group
In mathematics, an arithmetic group is a group obtained as the integer points of an algebraic group, for example They arise naturally in the study of arithmetic properties of quadratic forms and other
Weierstrass–Enneper parameterization
In mathematics, the Weierstrass–Enneper parameterization of minimal surfaces is a classical piece of differential geometry. Alfred Enneper and Karl Weierstrass studied minimal surfaces as far back as
Differential invariant
In mathematics, a differential invariant is an invariant for the action of a Lie group on a space that involves the derivatives of graphs of functions in the space. Differential invariants are fundame
Nonmetricity tensor
In mathematics, the nonmetricity tensor in differential geometry is the covariant derivative of the metric tensor. It is therefore a tensor field of order three. It vanishes for the case of Riemannian
Spectral geometry
Spectral geometry is a field in mathematics which concerns relationships between geometric structures of manifolds and spectra of canonically defined differential operators. The case of the Laplace–Be
Symmetry (physics)
In physics, a symmetry of a physical system is a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is preserved or remains unchanged under some transformation. A family of pa
Affine sphere
In mathematics, and especially differential geometry, an affine sphere is a hypersurface for which the affine normals all intersect in a single point. The term affine sphere is used because they play
Covariant derivative
In mathematics, the covariant derivative is a way of specifying a derivative along tangent vectors of a manifold. Alternatively, the covariant derivative is a way of introducing and working with a con
Curved space
Curved space often refers to a spatial geometry which is not "flat", where a flat space is described by Euclidean geometry. Curved spaces can generally be described by Riemannian geometry though some
First fundamental form
In differential geometry, the first fundamental form is the inner product on the tangent space of a surface in three-dimensional Euclidean space which is induced canonically from the dot product of R3
Associate family
In differential geometry, the associate family (or Bonnet family) of a minimal surface is a one-parameter family of minimal surfaces which share the same Weierstrass data. That is, if the surface has
Integration along fibers
In differential geometry, the integration along fibers of a k-form yields a -form where m is the dimension of the fiber, via "integration".
Holonomic basis
In mathematics and mathematical physics, a coordinate basis or holonomic basis for a differentiable manifold M is a set of basis vector fields {e1, ..., en} defined at every point P of a region of the
Osculating circle
In differential geometry of curves, the osculating circle of a sufficiently smooth plane curve at a given point p on the curve has been traditionally defined as the circle passing through p and a pair
Affine focal set
In mathematics, and especially affine differential geometry, the affine focal set of a smooth submanifold M embedded in a smooth manifold N is the caustic generated by the affine normal lines. It can
Weakly symmetric space
In mathematics, a weakly symmetric space is a notion introduced by the Norwegian mathematician Atle Selberg in the 1950s as a generalisation of symmetric space, due to Élie Cartan. Geometrically the s
Cayley's ruled cubic surface
In differential geometry, Cayley's ruled cubic surface is the ruled cubic surface It contains a nodal line of self-intersection and two cuspital points at infinity. In projective coordinates it is .
Grassmannian
In mathematics, the Grassmannian Gr(k, V) is a space that parameterizes all k-dimensional linear subspaces of the n-dimensional vector space V. For example, the Grassmannian Gr(1, V) is the space of l
Hopf fibration
In the mathematical field of differential topology, the Hopf fibration (also known as the Hopf bundle or Hopf map) describes a 3-sphere (a hypersphere in four-dimensional space) in terms of circles an
Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket
In differential geometry, the Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket, also known as the Schouten bracket, is a type of graded Lie bracket defined on multivector fields on a smooth manifold extending the Lie brack
Equivalent latitude
In differential geometry, the equivalent latitude is a Lagrangian coordinate .It is often used in atmospheric science,particularly in the study of stratospheric dynamics.Each isoline in a map of equiv
Yau's conjecture on the first eigenvalue
In mathematics, Yau's conjecture on the first eigenvalue is, as of 2018, an unsolved conjecture proposed by Shing-Tung Yau in 1982. It asks: Is it true that the first eigenvalue for the Laplace–Beltra
Parallel curve
A parallel of a curve is the envelope of a family of congruent circles centered on the curve. It generalises the concept of parallel (straight) lines. It can also be defined as a curve whose points ar
Lie groupoid
In mathematics, a Lie groupoid is a groupoid where the set of objects and the set of morphisms are both manifolds, all the category operations (source and target, composition, identity-assigning map a
Frankel conjecture
In the mathematical fields of differential geometry and algebraic geometry, the Frankel conjecture was a problem posed by Theodore Frankel in 1961. It was resolved in 1979 by Shigefumi Mori, and by Yu
Lie algebroid
In mathematics, a Lie algebroid is a vector bundle together with a Lie bracket on its space of sections and a vector bundle morphism , satisfying a Leibniz rule. A Lie algebroid can thus be thought of
Monodromy
In mathematics, monodromy is the study of how objects from mathematical analysis, algebraic topology, algebraic geometry and differential geometry behave as they "run round" a singularity. As the name
Paneitz operator
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, the Paneitz operator is a fourth-order differential operator defined on a Riemannian manifold of dimension n. It is named after , who discovered it
Tame manifold
In geometry, a tame manifold is a manifold with a well-behaved compactification. More precisely, a manifold is called tame if it is homeomorphic to a compact manifold with a closed subset of the bound
Arthur Besse
Arthur Besse is a pseudonym chosen by a group of French differential geometers, led by Marcel Berger, following the model of Nicolas Bourbaki. A number of monographs have appeared under the name.
Stiefel manifold
In mathematics, the Stiefel manifold is the set of all orthonormal k-frames in That is, it is the set of ordered orthonormal k-tuples of vectors in It is named after Swiss mathematician Eduard Stiefel
Tangential angle
In geometry, the tangential angle of a curve in the Cartesian plane, at a specific point, is the angle between the tangent line to the curve at the given point and the x-axis. (Some authors define the
Generalized complex structure
In the field of mathematics known as differential geometry, a generalized complex structure is a property of a differential manifold that includes as special cases a complex structure and a symplectic
Inflection point
In differential calculus and differential geometry, an inflection point, point of inflection, flex, or inflection (British English: inflexion) is a point on a smooth plane curve at which the curvature
Stable principal bundle
In mathematics, and especially differential geometry and algebraic geometry, a stable principal bundle is a generalisation of the notion of a stable vector bundle to the setting of principal bundles.
Holonomy
In differential geometry, the holonomy of a connection on a smooth manifold is a general geometrical consequence of the curvature of the connection measuring the extent to which parallel transport aro
Chern's conjecture for hypersurfaces in spheres
Chern's conjecture for hypersurfaces in spheres, unsolved as of 2018, is a conjecture proposed by Chern in the field of differential geometry. It originates from the Chern's unanswered question: Consi
Klein geometry
In mathematics, a Klein geometry is a type of geometry motivated by Felix Klein in his influential Erlangen program. More specifically, it is a homogeneous space X together with a transitive action on
Margulis lemma
In differential geometry, the Margulis lemma (named after Grigory Margulis) is a result about discrete subgroups of isometries of a non-positively curved Riemannian manifold (e.g. the hyperbolic n-spa
Directional derivative
In mathematics, the directional derivative of a multivariable differentiable (scalar) function along a given vector v at a given point x intuitively represents the instantaneous rate of change of the
Discrete differential geometry
Discrete differential geometry is the study of discrete counterparts of notions in differential geometry. Instead of smooth curves and surfaces, there are polygons, meshes, and simplicial complexes. I
Negative pedal curve
In geometry, a negative pedal curve is a plane curve that can be constructed from another plane curve C and a fixed point P on that curve. For each point X ≠ P on the curve C, the negative pedal curve
Alexandrov space
In geometry, Alexandrov spaces with curvature ≥ k form a generalization of Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvature ≥ k, where k is some real number. By definition, these spaces are locally compa
Lyusternik–Fet theorem
In mathematics, the Lyusternik–Fet theorem states that on every compact Riemannian manifold there exists a closed geodesic. It is named after Lazar Lyusternik and Abram Ilyich Fet.
Pedal curve
In mathematics, a pedal curve of a given curve results from the orthogonal projection of a fixed point on the tangent lines of this curve. More precisely, for a plane curve C and a given fixed pedal p
Cartan connection
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a Cartan connection is a flexible generalization of the notion of an affine connection. It may also be regarded as a specialization of the general c
Connection form
In mathematics, and specifically differential geometry, a connection form is a manner of organizing the data of a connection using the language of moving frames and differential forms. Historically, c
Prime geodesic
In mathematics, a prime geodesic on a hyperbolic surface is a primitive closed geodesic, i.e. a geodesic which is a closed curve that traces out its image exactly once. Such geodesics are called prime
Hitchin system
In mathematics, the Hitchin integrable system is an integrable system depending on the choice of a complex reductive group and a compact Riemann surface, introduced by Nigel Hitchin in 1987. It lies o
Theorema Egregium
Gauss's Theorema Egregium (Latin for "Remarkable Theorem") is a major result of differential geometry, proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1827, that concerns the curvature of surfaces. The theorem says
Henneberg surface
In differential geometry, the Henneberg surface is a non-orientable minimal surface named after Lebrecht Henneberg. It has parametric equation and can be expressed as an order-15 algebraic surface. It
Schwarz minimal surface
In differential geometry, the Schwarz minimal surfaces are periodic minimal surfaces originally described by Hermann Schwarz. In the 1880s Schwarz and his student E. R. Neovius described periodic mini
Clifford analysis
Clifford analysis, using Clifford algebras named after William Kingdon Clifford, is the study of Dirac operators, and Dirac type operators in analysis and geometry, together with their applications. E
Gauss curvature flow
In the mathematical fields of differential geometry and geometric analysis, the Gauss curvature flow is a geometric flow for oriented hypersurfaces of Riemannian manifolds. In the case of curves in a
Double tangent bundle
In mathematics, particularly differential topology, the double tangent bundle or the second tangent bundle refers to the tangent bundle (TTM,πTTM,TM) of the total space TM of the tangent bundle (TM,πT
Tortuosity
Tortuosity is widely used as a critical parameter to predict transport properties of porous media, such as rocks and soils. But unlike other standard microstructural properties, the concept of tortuos
Volume form
In mathematics, a volume form or top-dimensional form is a differential form of degree equal to the differentiable manifold dimension. Thus on a manifold of dimension , a volume form is an -form. It i
Cartan's equivalence method
In mathematics, Cartan's equivalence method is a technique in differential geometry for determining whether two geometrical structures are the same up to a diffeomorphism. For example, if M and N are
Kähler–Einstein metric
In differential geometry, a Kähler–Einstein metric on a complex manifold is a Riemannian metric that is both a Kähler metric and an Einstein metric. A manifold is said to be Kähler–Einstein if it admi
Anti-de Sitter space
In mathematics and physics, n-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdSn) is a maximally symmetric Lorentzian manifold with constant negative scalar curvature. Anti-de Sitter space and de Sitter space are
Triply periodic minimal surface
In differential geometry, a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is a minimal surface in ℝ3 that is invariant under a rank-3 lattice of translations. These surfaces have the symmetries of a crystall
Induced metric
In mathematics and theoretical physics, the induced metric is the metric tensor defined on a submanifold that is induced from the metric tensor on a manifold into which the submanifold is embedded, th
Teichmüller space
In mathematics, the Teichmüller space of a (real) topological (or differential) surface , is a space that parametrizes complex structures on up to the action of homeomorphisms that are isotopic to the
Projective differential geometry
In mathematics, projective differential geometry is the study of differential geometry, from the point of view of properties of mathematical objects such as functions, diffeomorphisms, and submanifold
Elliptic complex
In mathematics, in particular in partial differential equations and differential geometry, an elliptic complex generalizes the notion of an elliptic operator to sequences. Elliptic complexes isolate t
Pseudosphere
In geometry, a pseudosphere is a surface with constant negative Gaussian curvature. A pseudosphere of radius R is a surface in having curvature −1/R2 in each point. Its name comes from the analogy wit
Quaternion-Kähler symmetric space
In differential geometry, a quaternion-Kähler symmetric space or Wolf space is a quaternion-Kähler manifold which, as a Riemannian manifold, is a Riemannian symmetric space. Any quaternion-Kähler symm
Banach manifold
In mathematics, a Banach manifold is a manifold modeled on Banach spaces. Thus it is a topological space in which each point has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to an open set in a Banach space (a more i
Bel–Robinson tensor
In general relativity and differential geometry, the Bel–Robinson tensor is a tensor defined in the abstract index notation by: Alternatively, where is the Weyl tensor. It was introduced by Lluís Bel
Affine manifold
In differential geometry, an affine manifold is a differentiable manifold equipped with a flat, torsion-free connection. Equivalently, it is a manifold that is (if connected) covered by an open subset
Bogomolny equations
In mathematics, and especially gauge theory, the Bogomolny equation for magnetic monopoles is the equation where is the curvature of a connection on a principal -bundle over a 3-manifold , is a sectio
Weyl transformation
In theoretical physics, the Weyl transformation, named after Hermann Weyl, is a local rescaling of the metric tensor: which produces another metric in the same conformal class. A theory or an expressi
Gauge group (mathematics)
A gauge group is a group of gauge symmetries of the Yang–Mills gauge theory of principal connections on a principal bundle. Given a principal bundle with a structure Lie group , a gauge group is defin
Connection (affine bundle)
Let Y → X be an affine bundle modelled over a vector bundle Y → X. A connection Γ on Y → X is called the affine connection if it as a section Γ : Y → J1Y of the jet bundle J1Y → Y of Y is an affine bu
Second fundamental form
In differential geometry, the second fundamental form (or shape tensor) is a quadratic form on the tangent plane of a smooth surface in the three-dimensional Euclidean space, usually denoted by (read
Crofton formula
In mathematics, the Crofton formula, named after Morgan Crofton (1826–1915), is a classic result of integral geometry relating the length of a curve to the expected number of times a "random" line int
Caustic (mathematics)
In differential geometry, a caustic is the envelope of rays either reflected or refracted by a manifold. It is related to the concept of caustics in geometric optics. The ray's source may be a point (
Chern's conjecture (affine geometry)
Chern's conjecture for affinely flat manifolds was proposed by Shiing-Shen Chern in 1955 in the field of affine geometry. As of 2018, it remains an unsolved mathematical problem. Chern's conjecture st
Fibered manifold
In differential geometry, in the category of differentiable manifolds, a fibered manifold is a surjective submersion that is, a surjective differentiable mapping such that at each point the tangent ma
Ricci calculus
In mathematics, Ricci calculus constitutes the rules of index notation and manipulation for tensors and tensor fields on a differentiable manifold, with or without a metric tensor or connection. It is
Torsion tensor
In differential geometry, the notion of torsion is a manner of characterizing a twist or screw of a moving frame around a curve. The torsion of a curve, as it appears in the Frenet–Serret formulas, fo
Spectral shape analysis
Spectral shape analysis relies on the spectrum (eigenvalues and/or eigenfunctions) of the Laplace–Beltrami operator to compare and analyze geometric shapes. Since the spectrum of the Laplace–Beltrami
Myers's theorem
Myers's theorem, also known as the Bonnet–Myers theorem, is a celebrated, fundamental theorem in the mathematical field of Riemannian geometry. It was discovered by Sumner Byron Myers in 1941. It asse
Taut submanifold
In mathematics, a (compact) taut submanifold N of a space form M is a compact submanifold with the property that for every the distance function is a perfect Morse function. If N is not compact, one n
Filling area conjecture
In differential geometry, Mikhail Gromov's filling area conjecture asserts that the hemisphere has minimum area among the orientable surfaces that fill a closed curve of given length without introduci
Loewner's torus inequality
In differential geometry, Loewner's torus inequality is an inequality due to Charles Loewner. It relates the systole and the area of an arbitrary Riemannian metric on the 2-torus.
Quillen metric
In mathematics, and especially differential geometry, the Quillen metric is a metric on the determinant line bundle of a family of operators. It was introduced by Daniel Quillen for certain elliptic o
Tameness theorem
In mathematics, the tameness theorem states that every complete hyperbolic 3-manifold with finitely generated fundamental group is topologically tame, in other words homeomorphic to the interior of a
Stable normal bundle
In surgery theory, a branch of mathematics, the stable normal bundle of a differentiable manifold is an invariant which encodes the stable normal (dually, tangential) data. There are analogs for gener
Matsushima's formula
In mathematics, Matsushima's formula, introduced by Matsushima, is a formula for the Betti numbers of a quotient of a symmetric space G/H by a discrete group, in terms of unitary representations of th
Calibrated geometry
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a calibrated manifold is a Riemannian manifold (M,g) of dimension n equipped with a differential p-form φ (for some 0 ≤ p ≤ n) which is a calibratio
Last geometric statement of Jacobi
In differential geometry the last geometric statement of Jacobi is a conjecture named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. According to this conjecture: Every caustic from any point on an ellipsoid other t
Total absolute curvature
In differential geometry, the total absolute curvature of a smooth curve is a number defined by integrating the absolute value of the curvature around the curve. It is a dimensionless quantity that is
Radius of curvature
In differential geometry, the radius of curvature, R, is the reciprocal of the curvature. For a curve, it equals the radius of the circular arc which best approximates the curve at that point. For sur
Chern–Simons form
In mathematics, the Chern–Simons forms are certain secondary characteristic classes. The theory is named for Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, co-authors of a 1974 paper entitled "Characteris
Covariant transformation
In physics, a covariant transformation is a rule that specifies how certain entities, such as vectors or tensors, change under a change of basis. The transformation that describes the new basis vector
Higher gauge theory
In mathematical physics higher gauge theory is the general study of counterparts of gauge theory that involve higher-degree differential forms instead of the traditional connection forms of gauge theo
K-noid
In differential geometry, a k-noid is a minimal surface with k catenoid openings. In particular, the 3-noid is often called trinoid. The first k-noid minimal surfaces were described by Jorge and Meeks
ADHM construction
In mathematical physics and gauge theory, the ADHM construction or monad construction is the construction of all instantons using methods of linear algebra by Michael Atiyah, Vladimir Drinfeld, Nigel
Clairaut's relation (differential geometry)
In classical differential geometry, Clairaut's relation, named after Alexis Claude de Clairaut, is a formula that characterizes the great circle paths on the unit sphere. The formula states that if γ
Novikov–Shubin invariant
In mathematics, a Novikov–Shubin invariant, introduced by Sergei Novikov and Mikhail Shubin, is an invariant of a compact Riemannian manifold related to the spectrum of the Laplace operator acting on
Affine differential geometry
Affine differential geometry is a type of differential geometry which studies invariants of volume-preserving affine transformations. The name affine differential geometry follows from Klein's Erlange
Calabi–Yau manifold
In algebraic geometry, a Calabi–Yau manifold, also known as a Calabi–Yau space, is a particular type of manifold which has properties, such as Ricci flatness, yielding applications in theoretical phys
Tangent
In geometry, the tangent line (or simply tangent) to a plane curve at a given point is the straight line that "just touches" the curve at that point. Leibniz defined it as the line through a pair of i
Mean curvature flow
In the field of differential geometry in mathematics, mean curvature flow is an example of a geometric flow of hypersurfaces in a Riemannian manifold (for example, smooth surfaces in 3-dimensional Euc
Twist (mathematics)
In differential geometry, the twist of a ribbon is its rate of axial rotation. Let a ribbon be composted of space curve , where is the arc length of , and the a unit normal vector, perpendicular at ea
Coframe
In mathematics, a coframe or coframe field on a smooth manifold is a system of one-forms or covectors which form a basis of the cotangent bundle at every point. In the exterior algebra of , one has a
Warped geometry
In mathematics and physics, in particular differential geometry and general relativity, a warped geometry is a Riemannian or Lorentzian manifold whose metric tensor can be written in form The geometry
Lattice (discrete subgroup)
In Lie theory and related areas of mathematics, a lattice in a locally compact group is a discrete subgroup with the property that the quotient space has finite invariant measure. In the special case
String group
In topology, a branch of mathematics, a string group is an infinite-dimensional group introduced by as a -connected cover of a spin group. A string manifold is a manifold with a lifting of its frame b
Gauge theory (mathematics)
In mathematics, and especially differential geometry and mathematical physics, gauge theory is the general study of connections on vector bundles, principal bundles, and fibre bundles. Gauge theory in
Musical isomorphism
In mathematics—more specifically, in differential geometry—the musical isomorphism (or canonical isomorphism) is an isomorphism between the tangent bundle and the cotangent bundle of a pseudo-Riemanni
Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau inequality
In mathematics, the Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau inequality is the inequality between Chern numbers of compact complex surfaces of general type. Its major interest is the way it restricts the possible topolo
Scherk surface
In mathematics, a Scherk surface (named after Heinrich Scherk) is an example of a minimal surface. Scherk described two complete embedded minimal surfaces in 1834; his first surface is a doubly period
De Sitter space
In mathematical physics, n-dimensional de Sitter space (often abbreviated to dSn) is a maximally symmetric Lorentzian manifold with constant positive scalar curvature. It is the Lorentzian analogue of
Tetrad formalism
The tetrad formalism is an approach to general relativity that generalizes the choice of basis for the tangent bundle from a coordinate basis to the less restrictive choice of a local basis, i.e. a lo
Representation up to homotopy
A Representation up to homotopy has several meanings. One of the earliest appeared in the `physical' context of constrained Hamiltonian systems. The essential idea is lifting a non-representation on a
Group analysis of differential equations
Group analysis of differential equations is a branch of mathematics that studies the symmetry properties of differential equations with respect to various transformations of independent and dependent
K3 surface
In mathematics, a complex analytic K3 surface is a compact connected complex manifold of dimension 2 with trivial canonical bundle and irregularity zero. An (algebraic) K3 surface over any field means
Dupin hypersurface
In differential geometry, a Dupin hypersurface is a submanifold in a space form, whose principal curvatures have globally constant multiplicities.
Conformal geometry
In mathematics, conformal geometry is the study of the set of angle-preserving (conformal) transformations on a space. In a real two dimensional space, conformal geometry is precisely the geometry of
Symmetry set
In geometry, the symmetry set is a method for representing the local symmetries of a curve, and can be used as a method for representing the shape of objects by finding the topological skeleton. The m
Ruled surface
In geometry, a surface S is ruled (also called a scroll) if through every point of S there is a straight line that lies on S. Examples include the plane, the lateral surface of a cylinder or cone, a c
Metric tensor
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor (or simply metric) is an additional structure on a manifold M (such as a surface) that allows defining distances and angles, just as
Hilbert scheme
In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, a Hilbert scheme is a scheme that is the parameter space for the closed subschemes of some projective space (or a more general projective scheme), refin
Hedgehog (geometry)
In differential geometry, a hedgehog or plane hedgehog is a type of plane curve, the envelope of a family of lines determined by a support function. More intuitively, sufficiently well-behaved hedgeho
Costa's minimal surface
In mathematics, Costa's minimal surface, is an embedded minimal surface discovered in 1982 by the Brazilian mathematician Celso José da Costa. It is also a surface of finite topology, which means that
Tangent indicatrix
In differential geometry, the tangent indicatrix of a closed space curve is a curve on the unit sphere intimately related to the curvature of the original curve. Let be a closed curve with nowhere-van
Holmes–Thompson volume
In geometry of normed spaces, the Holmes–Thompson volume is a notion of volume that allows to compare sets contained in different normed spaces (of the same dimension). It was introduced by Raymond D.