Topological methods of algebraic geometry | Sheaf theory | Algebraic topology

Sheaf (mathematics)

In mathematics, a sheaf is a tool for systematically tracking data (such as sets, abelian groups, rings) attached to the open sets of a topological space and defined locally with regard to them. For example, for each open set, the data could be the ring of continuous functions defined on that open set. Such data is well behaved in that it can be restricted to smaller open sets, and also the data assigned to an open set is equivalent to all collections of compatible data assigned to collections of smaller open sets covering the original open set (intuitively, every piece of data is the sum of its parts). The field of mathematics that studies sheaves is called sheaf theory. Sheaves are understood conceptually as general and abstract objects. Their correct definition is rather technical. They are specifically defined as sheaves of sets or as sheaves of rings, for example, depending on the type of data assigned to the open sets. There are also maps (or morphisms) from one sheaf to another; sheaves (of a specific type, such as sheaves of abelian groups) with their morphisms on a fixed topological space form a category. On the other hand, to each continuous map there is associated both a direct image functor, taking sheaves and their morphisms on the domain to sheaves and morphisms on the codomain, and an inverse image functor operating in the opposite direction. These functors, and certain variants of them, are essential parts of sheaf theory. Due to their general nature and versatility, sheaves have several applications in topology and especially in algebraic and differential geometry. First, geometric structures such as that of a differentiable manifold or a scheme can be expressed in terms of a sheaf of rings on the space. In such contexts, several geometric constructions such as vector bundles or divisors are naturally specified in terms of sheaves. Second, sheaves provide the framework for a very general cohomology theory, which encompasses also the "usual" topological cohomology theories such as singular cohomology. Especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, sheaf cohomology provides a powerful link between topological and geometric properties of spaces. Sheaves also provide the basis for the theory of D-modules, which provide applications to the theory of differential equations. In addition, generalisations of sheaves to more general settings than topological spaces, such as Grothendieck topology, have provided applications to mathematical logic and to number theory. (Wikipedia).

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Who Gives a Sheaf? Part 1: A First Example

We take a first look at (pre-)sheaves, as being inspired from first year calculus.

From playlist Who Gives a Sheaf?

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Who Gives a Sheaf? Part 3: Mighty Morph'n Morphisms

In this video we discuss the definition of a morphism of sheaves.

From playlist Who Gives a Sheaf?

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Who Gives a Sheaf? Part 2: A non-example

In this video we compare two pre-sheaves, one which is a sheaf, and one which is not.

From playlist Who Gives a Sheaf?

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Schemes 42: Very ample sheaves

This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. We define ample and very ample invertible sheaves for projective varieties, and gives some examples for complex elliptic curves. We also show that some sect

From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes

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Schemes 2: Etale spaces

This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. In it we explain why the obvious definition of an epimorphism of sheaves is wrong, and construct the etale space of a presheaf as preparation for giving the c

From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes

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Schemes 3: exactness and sheaves

This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. In it we discuss exactness of morphisms of sheaves over a topological space.

From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes

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Microlocal theory of sheaves and link with symplectic geometry II - Stephane Guillermou

Stephane Guillermou University Grenoble May 10, 2011 For more videos, visit http://video.ias.edu

From playlist Mathematics

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Joel Friedman - Sheaves on Graphs, L^2 Betti Numbers, and Applications.

Joel Friedman (University of British Columbia, Canada) Sheaf theory and (co)homology, in the generality developed by Grothendieck et al., seems to hold great promise for applications in discrete mathematics. We shall describe sheaves on graphs and their applications to (1) solving the

From playlist T1-2014 : Random walks and asymptopic geometry of groups.

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Schemes 4: f * and f^ 1

This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. Given a continuous map between topological spaces there are two natural ways to transfer sheaves from one space to another. We summarize the main properties of

From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes

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Nonetheless one should learn the language of topos: Grothendieck... - Colin McLarty [2018]

Grothendieck's 1973 topos lectures Colin McLarty 3 mai 2018 In the summer of 1973 Grothendieck lectured on several subjects in Buffalo NY, and these lectures were recorded, including 33 hours on topos theory. The topos lectures were by far the most informal of the series, with the most si

From playlist Number Theory

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Marc Levine: The rational motivic sphere spectrum and motivic Serre finiteness

Find this video and other talks given by worldwide mathematicians on CIRM's Audiovisual Mathematics Library: http://library.cirm-math.fr. And discover all its functionalities: - Chapter markers and keywords to watch the parts of your choice in the video - Videos enriched with abstracts, b

From playlist SPECIAL 7th European congress of Mathematics Berlin 2016.

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Robert Ghrist, Lecture 2: Topology Applied II

27th Workshop in Geometric Topology, Colorado College, June 11, 2010

From playlist Robert Ghrist: 27th Workshop in Geometric Topology

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Alex SIMPSON - Probability sheaves

In [2], Tao observes that the probability theory concerns itself with properties that are \preserved with respect to extension of the underlying sample space", in much the same way that modern geometry concerns itself with properties that are invariant with respect to underlying symmetries

From playlist Topos à l'IHES

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What is a Tensor? Lesson 38: Visualization of Forms: Tacks and Sheaves. And Honeycombs.

What is a Tensor? Lesson 38: Visualization of Forms Part 2 Continuing to complete the "visualization" of the four different 3-dimensional vector spaces when dim(V)=3. Erratta: Note: When the coordinate system is expanded the density of things *gets numerically larger* and the area/volum

From playlist What is a Tensor?

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Robert Ghrist (5/1/21): Laplacians and Network Sheaves

This talk will begin with a simple introduction to cellular sheaves as a generalized notion of a network of algebraic objects. With a little bit of geometry, one can often define a Laplacian for such sheaves. The resulting Hodge theory relates the geometry of the Laplacian to the algebraic

From playlist TDA: Tutte Institute & Western University - 2021

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Schemes 1: Introduction

This lecture is part of an online course in algebraic geometry giving an introduction to schemes. It is loosely based on chapter II Hartshorne's book "Algebraic geometry". (For chapter 1 see the playlist "Algebraic geometry".) This introductory lecture gives some motivation for schemes and

From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes

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Neural Sheaf Diffusion: A Topological Perspective on Heterophily and Oversmoothing in GNNs

❤️ Become The AI Epiphany Patreon ❤️ https://www.patreon.com/theaiepiphany 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Join our Discord community 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 https://discord.gg/peBrCpheKE In this video I cover "Neural Sheaf Diffusion: A Topological Perspective on Heterophily and Oversmoothing in GNNs" paper. The paper takes id

From playlist Graph Neural Nets

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Matthew Morrow: Relative integral p-adic Hodge theory

Abstract: Given a smooth scheme X over the ring of integers of a p-adic field, we introduce the notion of a relative Breuil-Kisin-Fargues module M on X. Each such M simultaneously encodes the data of a lisse étale sheaf, a module with flat connection, and a crystal, whose cohomologies are

From playlist Algebraic and Complex Geometry

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Schemes 48: The canonical sheaf

This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. In this lecture we define the canonical sheaf, giev a survey of some applications (Riemann-Roch theorem, Serre duality, canonical embeddings, Kodaira dimensio

From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes

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Robert Ghrist (8/29/21): Laplacians and Network Sheaves

This talk will begin with a simple introduction to cellular sheaves as a generalized notion of a network of algebraic objects. With a little bit of geometry, one can often define a Laplacian for such sheaves. The resulting Hodge theory relates the geometry of the Laplacian to the algebraic

From playlist Beyond TDA - Persistent functions and its applications in data sciences, 2021

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