In mathematics, a scheme is a mathematical structure that enlarges the notion of algebraic variety in several ways, such as taking account of multiplicities (the equations x = 0 and x2 = 0 define the same algebraic variety but different schemes) and allowing "varieties" defined over any commutative ring (for example, Fermat curves are defined over the integers). Scheme theory was introduced by Alexander Grothendieck in 1960 in his treatise "Éléments de géométrie algébrique"; one of its aims was developing the formalism needed to solve deep problems of algebraic geometry, such as the Weil conjectures (the last of which was proved by Pierre Deligne). Strongly based on commutative algebra, scheme theory allows a systematic use of methods of topology and homological algebra. Scheme theory also unifies algebraic geometry with much of number theory, which eventually led to Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. Formally, a scheme is a topological space together with commutative rings for all of its open sets, which arises from gluing together spectra (spaces of prime ideals) of commutative rings along their open subsets. In other words, it is a ringed space which is locally a spectrum of a commutative ring. The relative point of view is that much of algebraic geometry should be developed for a morphism X → Y of schemes (called a scheme X over Y), rather than for an individual scheme. For example, in studying algebraic surfaces, it can be useful to consider families of algebraic surfaces over any scheme Y. In many cases, the family of all varieties of a given type can itself be viewed as a variety or scheme, known as a moduli space. For some of the detailed definitions in the theory of schemes, see the glossary of scheme theory. (Wikipedia).
Schemes 5: Definition of a scheme
This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. We give some historical background, then give the definition of a scheme and some simple examples, and finish by explaining the origin of the word "spectrum".
From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes
This lecture is part of an online course in algebraic geometry giving an introduction to schemes. It is loosely based on chapter II Hartshorne's book "Algebraic geometry". (For chapter 1 see the playlist "Algebraic geometry".) This introductory lecture gives some motivation for schemes and
From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes
This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne.. We define fibered products of schemes, sketch their construction, and give a few examples to illustrate their slightly odd behavior.
From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes
Schemes 13: The functor of points
This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. We discuss two themes in Grothendieck's work on schemes. The first one is that one should focus on morphisms of schemes rather than schemes. The second is that
From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes
This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne.. We use the fiber product define last lecture to define group schemes, and give a few non-classical examples of them.
From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes
This is part of an online course on beginner/intermediate linear algebra, which presents theory and implementation in MATLAB and Python. The course is designed for people interested in applying linear algebra to applications in multivariate signal processing, statistics, and data science.
From playlist Linear algebra: theory and implementation
This lecture is part of an online course on schemes, following the book "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. In this lecture we discuss a relative version of the construction of a projective scheme from a graded algebra, special cases of which give projective space bundles and the blowup
From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes
This lecture is part of an online course on schemes, following chapter II of the book "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. In this lecture we give some examples of linear systems of divisors, which are an older way of visualizing sections of an invertible sheaf by looking at the zeros of
From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes
High order path-conservative finite volume schemes for geophysical flows – M. Castro – ICM2018
Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing | Mathematics in Science and Technology Invited Lecture 15.1 | 17.1 A review on high order well-balanced path-conservative finite volume schemes for geophysical flows Manuel Castro Abstract: In this work a general strategy to design high order
From playlist Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing
A conversation between Mario Carneiro, Norman Megill and Stephen Wolfram
Stephen Wolfram plays the role of Salonnière in this new, on-going series of intellectual explorations with special guests. Watch all of the conversations here: https://wolfr.am/youtube-sw-conversations Originally livestreamed at: https://twitch.tv/stephen_wolfram Stay up-to-date on this
From playlist Conversations with Special Guests
A high-level explanation of digital signature schemes, which are a fundamental building block in many cryptographic protocols. More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=Aq3a-_O2NcI Video by Zulfikar Ramzan. Zulfikar Ramzan is a world-leading expert in computer security and
From playlist Money, banking and central banks | Finance and Capital Markets | Khan Academy
Mod-01 Lec-01 Introduction and Overview
Advanced Numerical Analysis by Prof. Sachin C. Patwardhan,Department of Chemical Engineering,IIT Bombay.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
From playlist IIT Bombay: Advanced Numerical Analysis | CosmoLearning.org
DDPS | Identification of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems from Noisy Measurements
In this DDPS Seminar Series talk from Sept. 30, 2021, Peter Benner, a director at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, discusses approaches blending machine learning and dictionary-based learning with numerical analysis tools to discover nonlinear differentia
From playlist Data-driven Physical Simulations (DDPS) Seminar Series
Why don't they teach Newton's calculus of 'What comes next?'
Another long one. Obviously not for the faint of heart :) Anyway, this one is about the beautiful discrete counterpart of calculus, the calculus of sequences or the calculus of differences. Pretty much like in Alice's Wonderland things are strangely familiar and yet very different in this
From playlist Recent videos
This lecture is part of an online algebraic geometry course on schemes, based on chapter II of "Algebraic geometry" by Hartshorne. We define open and closed immersion, and give some basic properties and some examples.
From playlist Algebraic geometry II: Schemes
Markov processes and applications-3 by Hugo Touchette
PROGRAM : BANGALORE SCHOOL ON STATISTICAL PHYSICS - XII (ONLINE) ORGANIZERS : Abhishek Dhar (ICTS-TIFR, Bengaluru) and Sanjib Sabhapandit (RRI, Bengaluru) DATE : 28 June 2021 to 09 July 2021 VENUE : Online Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the school will be conducted through online
From playlist Bangalore School on Statistical Physics - XII (ONLINE) 2021
Voting Paradoxes and Combinatorics | Noga Alon
Noga Alon, Baumritter Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science, Tel Aviv University; Visiting Professor (2005--06, 2008, 2010--11), School of Mathematics, Institute for Advanced Study http://www.tau.ac.il/~nogaa/ October 13, 2010 The early work of Condorcet in the eighteenth century
From playlist Mathematics
Aymeric Dieuleveut - Federated Learning with Communication Constraints: Challenges in (...)
In this presentation, I will present some results on optimization in the context of federated learning with compression. I will first summarise the main challenges and the type of results the community has obtained, and dive into some more recent results on tradeoffs between convergence an
From playlist 8th edition of the Statistics & Computer Science Day for Data Science in Paris-Saclay, 9 March 2023
Definition of Linear Combination and How to Show a Vector is a Linear Combination of Other Vectors
Definition of Linear Combination and How to Show a Vector is a Linear Combination of Other Vectors More Linear Algebra! This starts with the definition of a Linear Combination and then we show a Vector in R^3 is a linear combination of other vectors in R^3. Solid example. I hope this help
From playlist Linear Algebra
Sebastian Noelle: Systems of conservation laws
Programme for the Abel Lectures 2005: 1. "Abstract Phragmen-Lindelöf theorem & Saint Venant’s principle" by Abel Laureate 2005 Peter D. Lax, New York University 2. "Systems of conservation laws" by Professor Sebastian Noelle, CMA Oslo/ RWTH Aachen 3. "Hyperbolic equations and spectral g
From playlist Abel Lectures