Sheaf theory | Topos theory

Grothendieck topology

In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a Grothendieck topology is a structure on a category C that makes the objects of C act like the open sets of a topological space. A category together with a choice of Grothendieck topology is called a site. Grothendieck topologies axiomatize the notion of an open cover. Using the notion of covering provided by a Grothendieck topology, it becomes possible to define sheaves on a category and their cohomology. This was first done in algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory by Alexander Grothendieck to define the étale cohomology of a scheme. It has been used to define other cohomology theories since then, such as ℓ-adic cohomology, flat cohomology, and crystalline cohomology. While Grothendieck topologies are most often used to define cohomology theories, they have found other applications as well, such as to John Tate's theory of rigid analytic geometry. There is a natural way to associate a site to an ordinary topological space, and Grothendieck's theory is loosely regarded as a generalization of classical topology. Under meager point-set hypotheses, namely sobriety, this is completely accurate—it is possible to recover a sober space from its associated site. However simple examples such as the indiscrete topological space show that not all topological spaces can be expressed using Grothendieck topologies. Conversely, there are Grothendieck topologies that do not come from topological spaces. The term "Grothendieck topology" has changed in meaning. In it meant what is now called a Grothendieck pretopology, and some authors still use this old meaning. modified the definition to use sieves rather than covers. Much of the time this does not make much difference, as each Grothendieck pretopology determines a unique Grothendieck topology, though quite different pretopologies can give the same topology. (Wikipedia).

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Topological space | Gluing axiom | Zariski topology | Cover (topology) | Flat topology | Étale topology | Presheaf (category theory) | Algebraic variety | Alexander Grothendieck | Sober space | Cohomology | Sieve (category theory) | André Weil | Subfunctor | Weil conjectures | Pullback | John Tate (mathematician) | Open set | Mathematics | Divided power structure | Integer | Algebraic geometry | Sheaf (mathematics) | Algebraic number theory | Yoneda lemma | Ring (mathematics) | Category theory | Crystalline cohomology | Fundamental group | Manifold | Scheme (mathematics) | Lawvere–Tierney topology | Comma category | Étale cohomology | Analytic geometry | Abelian group | Module (mathematics)