Inflammation and Immune Response

  1. Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
    1. Vasoactive Amines
      1. Histamine
        1. Cellular Sources
          1. Mast Cells
            1. Basophils
              1. Platelets
              2. Release Mechanisms
                1. IgE-Mediated Degranulation
                  1. Complement-Mediated Release
                    1. Physical Stimuli
                    2. Biological Effects
                      1. Vasodilation
                        1. Increased Permeability
                          1. Smooth Muscle Contraction
                          2. Histamine Receptors
                          3. Serotonin
                            1. Sources and Storage
                              1. Release Mechanisms
                                1. Vascular Effects
                              2. Plasma Protein Systems
                                1. Complement System Mediators
                                  1. Anaphylatoxins
                                    1. C3a
                                      1. C4a
                                        1. C5a
                                        2. Membrane Attack Complex
                                          1. Opsonins
                                          2. Kinin System
                                            1. Kininogen Substrates
                                              1. Kallikrein Activation
                                                1. Bradykinin
                                                  1. Vascular Effects
                                                    1. Pain Induction
                                                      1. Kinin Receptors
                                                    2. Coagulation System
                                                      1. Factor XII Activation
                                                        1. Fibrin Formation
                                                          1. Fibrinolysis Products
                                                        2. Lipid Mediators
                                                          1. Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
                                                            1. Phospholipase A2 Activation
                                                              1. Arachidonic Acid Release
                                                              2. Cyclooxygenase Pathway
                                                                1. COX-1 and COX-2
                                                                  1. Prostaglandins
                                                                    1. PGE2
                                                                      1. PGI2 (Prostacyclin)
                                                                        1. PGD2
                                                                          1. PGF2α
                                                                          2. Thromboxanes
                                                                            1. TXA2
                                                                          3. Lipoxygenase Pathways
                                                                            1. 5-Lipoxygenase Products
                                                                              1. Leukotrienes
                                                                                1. LTB4
                                                                                  1. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes
                                                                                2. 12-Lipoxygenase Products
                                                                                  1. 15-Lipoxygenase Products
                                                                                  2. Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators
                                                                                    1. Lipoxins
                                                                                      1. Resolvins
                                                                                        1. Protectins
                                                                                          1. Maresins
                                                                                          2. Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF)
                                                                                            1. Synthesis and Sources
                                                                                              1. Biological Activities
                                                                                                1. PAF Receptor
                                                                                              2. Cytokines and Chemokines
                                                                                                1. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
                                                                                                  1. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)
                                                                                                    1. Cellular Sources
                                                                                                      1. TNF Receptors
                                                                                                        1. Biological Effects
                                                                                                        2. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
                                                                                                          1. IL-1α and IL-1β
                                                                                                            1. IL-1 Receptor
                                                                                                              1. IL-1 Receptor Antagonist
                                                                                                              2. Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
                                                                                                                1. Sources and Regulation
                                                                                                                  1. Acute Phase Response
                                                                                                                  2. Type I Interferons
                                                                                                                    1. IFN-α and IFN-β
                                                                                                                      1. Antiviral Effects
                                                                                                                    2. Chemokines
                                                                                                                      1. Chemokine Classification
                                                                                                                        1. CXC Chemokines
                                                                                                                          1. CC Chemokines
                                                                                                                            1. CX3C Chemokines
                                                                                                                              1. XC Chemokines
                                                                                                                              2. Chemokine Receptors
                                                                                                                                1. Leukocyte-Specific Recruitment
                                                                                                                                2. Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
                                                                                                                                  1. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
                                                                                                                                    1. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β)
                                                                                                                                      1. Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
                                                                                                                                        1. Interleukin-13 (IL-13)
                                                                                                                                      2. Gaseous Mediators
                                                                                                                                        1. Nitric Oxide (NO)
                                                                                                                                          1. NO Synthase Isoforms
                                                                                                                                            1. Vasodilatory Effects
                                                                                                                                              1. Antimicrobial Properties
                                                                                                                                              2. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
                                                                                                                                                1. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
                                                                                                                                                2. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species
                                                                                                                                                  1. Superoxide Anion
                                                                                                                                                    1. Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                                                                                                                      1. Hydroxyl Radical
                                                                                                                                                        1. Peroxynitrite
                                                                                                                                                          1. Sources and Generation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Tissue Damage Mechanisms

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                                                                                                                                                          6. Cellular Events and Leukocyte Recruitment

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                                                                                                                                                          8. Resolution and Outcomes of Acute Inflammation