Inflammation and Immune Response

  1. Regulation of Inflammatory Responses
    1. Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms
      1. Negative Feedback Loops
        1. Receptor Desensitization
          1. Mediator Degradation
            1. Cellular Exhaustion
            2. Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators
              1. Lipoxin Pathways
                1. Resolvin Synthesis
                  1. Protectin Generation
                    1. Maresin Production
                    2. Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
                      1. IL-10 Functions and Regulation
                        1. TGF-β Signaling
                          1. IL-4 and IL-13 Effects
                          2. Neuroendocrine Regulation
                            1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
                              1. Glucocorticoid Effects
                                1. Sympathetic Nervous System
                                  1. Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway
                                    1. Vagus Nerve Stimulation
                                      1. α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
                                    2. Cellular Regulatory Mechanisms
                                      1. Regulatory T Cells
                                        1. Alternatively Activated Macrophages
                                          1. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells

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                                        11. Systemic Effects of Inflammation

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                                        13. Pharmacological Modulation of Inflammation