Human Physiology

  1. The Renal System
    1. Kidney Functions
      1. Excretory Functions
        1. Waste Product Removal
          1. Urea Elimination
            1. Creatinine Clearance
              1. Drug Metabolism
              2. Water Balance Regulation
                1. Fluid Homeostasis
                  1. Osmolality Control
                  2. Electrolyte Balance
                    1. Sodium Regulation
                      1. Potassium Regulation
                        1. Calcium and Phosphate
                      2. Regulatory Functions
                        1. Blood Pressure Control
                          1. Renin-Angiotensin System
                            1. Volume Regulation
                            2. Acid-Base Balance
                              1. Bicarbonate Regulation
                                1. Hydrogen Ion Excretion
                                2. Erythropoiesis Regulation
                                  1. Erythropoietin Production
                                3. Metabolic Functions
                                  1. Vitamin D Activation
                                    1. 1α-Hydroxylase
                                      1. Calcitriol Production
                                      2. Gluconeogenesis
                                        1. Glucose Production
                                          1. Metabolic Contribution
                                      3. Nephron Structure and Function
                                        1. Renal Corpuscle
                                          1. Glomerulus
                                            1. Glomerular Capillaries
                                              1. Mesangial Cells
                                                1. Basement Membrane
                                                2. Bowman's Capsule
                                                  1. Parietal Layer
                                                    1. Visceral Layer
                                                      1. Podocytes
                                                        1. Filtration Slits
                                                      2. Tubular System
                                                        1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
                                                          1. Brush Border
                                                            1. Reabsorption Functions
                                                              1. Secretion Functions
                                                              2. Loop of Henle
                                                                1. Descending Limb
                                                                  1. Water Permeability
                                                                  2. Thin Ascending Limb
                                                                    1. Sodium Permeability
                                                                    2. Thick Ascending Limb
                                                                      1. Active Transport
                                                                        1. Diluting Segment
                                                                      2. Distal Convoluted Tubule
                                                                        1. Fine-Tuning Regulation
                                                                          1. Hormone Sensitivity
                                                                          2. Collecting Duct System
                                                                            1. Cortical Collecting Duct
                                                                              1. Medullary Collecting Duct
                                                                                1. Principal Cells
                                                                                  1. Intercalated Cells
                                                                                2. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
                                                                                  1. Juxtaglomerular Cells
                                                                                    1. Renin Production
                                                                                    2. Macula Densa
                                                                                      1. Sodium Sensing
                                                                                      2. Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells
                                                                                        1. Communication Functions
                                                                                    3. Basic Renal Processes
                                                                                      1. Glomerular Filtration
                                                                                        1. Filtration Barrier
                                                                                          1. Endothelial Fenestrations
                                                                                            1. Basement Membrane
                                                                                              1. Podocyte Foot Processes
                                                                                              2. Filtration Forces
                                                                                                1. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
                                                                                                  1. Bowman's Capsule Pressure
                                                                                                    1. Oncotic Pressure
                                                                                                    2. Glomerular Filtration Rate
                                                                                                      1. Normal Values
                                                                                                        1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                                          1. Regulation Mechanisms
                                                                                                        2. Tubular Reabsorption
                                                                                                          1. Proximal Tubule Reabsorption
                                                                                                            1. Sodium Reabsorption
                                                                                                              1. Glucose Reabsorption
                                                                                                                1. Amino Acid Reabsorption
                                                                                                                  1. Water Reabsorption
                                                                                                                  2. Loop of Henle Function
                                                                                                                    1. Countercurrent Multiplication
                                                                                                                      1. Urea Recycling
                                                                                                                        1. Osmotic Gradient
                                                                                                                        2. Distal Tubule Regulation
                                                                                                                          1. Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter
                                                                                                                            1. Calcium Reabsorption
                                                                                                                            2. Collecting Duct Control
                                                                                                                              1. ADH Effects
                                                                                                                                1. Aldosterone Effects
                                                                                                                                  1. Acid-Base Regulation
                                                                                                                                2. Tubular Secretion
                                                                                                                                  1. Organic Anion Secretion
                                                                                                                                    1. PAH Secretion
                                                                                                                                      1. Drug Elimination
                                                                                                                                      2. Organic Cation Secretion
                                                                                                                                        1. Creatinine Secretion
                                                                                                                                        2. Hydrogen Ion Secretion
                                                                                                                                          1. Acid-Base Balance
                                                                                                                                          2. Potassium Secretion
                                                                                                                                            1. Aldosterone Control
                                                                                                                                        3. Urine Concentration and Dilution
                                                                                                                                          1. Countercurrent Mechanism
                                                                                                                                            1. Loop of Henle Function
                                                                                                                                              1. Descending Limb Permeability
                                                                                                                                                1. Ascending Limb Transport
                                                                                                                                                2. Vasa Recta Function
                                                                                                                                                  1. Countercurrent Exchange
                                                                                                                                                    1. Medullary Blood Flow
                                                                                                                                                    2. Urea Recycling
                                                                                                                                                      1. Inner Medullary Concentration
                                                                                                                                                    3. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                      1. Antidiuretic Hormone
                                                                                                                                                        1. Aquaporin-2 Insertion
                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                            1. Osmolality Regulation
                                                                                                                                                            2. Aldosterone
                                                                                                                                                              1. Sodium Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                1. Potassium Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Volume Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                2. Regulation of Urine Volume
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Obligatory Water Loss
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Facultative Water Loss
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Maximum Concentration Ability
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Minimum Urine Volume
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Balance
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Input
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fluid Intake
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metabolic Water
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Water Output
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Renal Losses
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Insensible Losses
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Respiratory Losses
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fecal Losses
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Regulation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Osmoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Volume Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thirst Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sodium Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sodium Input
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dietary Intake
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sodium Output
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Renal Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Extrarenal Losses
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pressure Natriuresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Potassium Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Potassium Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Intracellular Potassium
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Extracellular Potassium
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Renal Potassium Handling
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Filtration and Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Secretion Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Regulation Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Aldosterone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Plasma Potassium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acid-Base Status
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Other Electrolytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calcium Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. PTH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vitamin D Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Phosphate Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. PTH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. FGF23 Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Magnesium Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Renal Handling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Acid-Base Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Buffer Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bicarbonate Buffer System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Open System Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Phosphate Buffer System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Intracellular Buffering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Urinary Buffering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Protein Buffer System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hemoglobin Buffering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Intracellular Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Respiratory Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. CO2 Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ventilation Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Rapid Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Chemoreceptor Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Central Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Peripheral Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Renal Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bicarbonate Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Proximal Tubule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Distal Nephron
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hydrogen Ion Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Titratable Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ammonium Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Bicarbonate Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. New Bicarbonate Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Acid-Base Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metabolic Acidosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Causes and Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Metabolic Alkalosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Causes and Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Respiratory Acidosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Causes and Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Respiratory Alkalosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Causes and Compensation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7. The Respiratory System

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                9. The Digestive System