Human Physiology

  1. Integration of Physiological Systems
    1. Metabolic Integration
      1. Energy Metabolism
        1. Basal Metabolic Rate
          1. Factors Affecting BMR
            1. Measurement Methods
            2. Energy Balance
              1. Energy Intake
                1. Energy Expenditure
                  1. Weight Regulation
                  2. Metabolic States
                    1. Fed State
                      1. Fasting State
                        1. Starvation Response
                      2. Glucose Homeostasis
                        1. Blood Glucose Regulation
                          1. Insulin Effects
                            1. Glucagon Effects
                              1. Counter-regulatory Hormones
                              2. Glucose Storage
                                1. Glycogen Synthesis
                                  1. Glycogen Breakdown
                                  2. Glucose Production
                                    1. Gluconeogenesis
                                      1. Glycogenolysis
                                    2. Lipid Metabolism
                                      1. Fat Storage
                                        1. Adipose Tissue Function
                                          1. Lipogenesis
                                          2. Fat Mobilization
                                            1. Lipolysis
                                              1. Fatty Acid Oxidation
                                              2. Ketone Body Production
                                                1. Ketogenesis
                                                  1. Ketone Utilization
                                              3. Thermoregulation
                                                1. Heat Production
                                                  1. Metabolic Heat
                                                    1. Cellular Respiration
                                                      1. Brown Adipose Tissue
                                                      2. Muscle Heat
                                                        1. Shivering Thermogenesis
                                                          1. Non-shivering Thermogenesis
                                                        2. Heat Loss
                                                          1. Radiation
                                                            1. Conduction
                                                              1. Convection
                                                                1. Evaporation
                                                                  1. Sweating
                                                                    1. Respiratory Evaporation
                                                                  2. Temperature Control
                                                                    1. Hypothalamic Thermostat
                                                                      1. Set Point Regulation
                                                                        1. Temperature Sensors
                                                                        2. Behavioral Responses
                                                                          1. Clothing Adjustments
                                                                            1. Environmental Modifications
                                                                            2. Physiological Responses
                                                                              1. Vasomotor Responses
                                                                                1. Metabolic Adjustments
                                                                              2. Fever Response
                                                                                1. Pyrogen Effects
                                                                                  1. Set Point Elevation
                                                                                    1. Adaptive Significance
                                                                                  2. Exercise Physiology
                                                                                    1. Cardiovascular Adaptations
                                                                                      1. Acute Responses
                                                                                        1. Heart Rate Increase
                                                                                          1. Stroke Volume Changes
                                                                                            1. Blood Pressure Changes
                                                                                              1. Blood Flow Redistribution
                                                                                              2. Chronic Adaptations
                                                                                                1. Cardiac Hypertrophy
                                                                                                  1. Increased Stroke Volume
                                                                                                    1. Improved Efficiency
                                                                                                  2. Respiratory Adaptations
                                                                                                    1. Acute Responses
                                                                                                      1. Increased Ventilation
                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Uptake
                                                                                                          1. Carbon Dioxide Elimination
                                                                                                          2. Chronic Adaptations
                                                                                                            1. Improved Lung Function
                                                                                                              1. Enhanced Gas Exchange
                                                                                                            2. Muscular Adaptations
                                                                                                              1. Acute Responses
                                                                                                                1. Increased Blood Flow
                                                                                                                  1. Enhanced Oxygen Delivery
                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Changes
                                                                                                                    2. Chronic Adaptations
                                                                                                                      1. Muscle Hypertrophy
                                                                                                                        1. Improved Oxidative Capacity
                                                                                                                          1. Enhanced Strength and Endurance
                                                                                                                        2. Metabolic Adaptations
                                                                                                                          1. Energy System Utilization
                                                                                                                            1. Phosphocreatine System
                                                                                                                              1. Glycolytic System
                                                                                                                                1. Oxidative System
                                                                                                                                2. Training Adaptations
                                                                                                                                  1. Improved Enzyme Activity
                                                                                                                                    1. Enhanced Substrate Utilization
                                                                                                                                      1. Better Metabolic Efficiency
                                                                                                                                  2. Stress Response
                                                                                                                                    1. Stress Recognition
                                                                                                                                      1. Stressor Types
                                                                                                                                        1. Physical Stressors
                                                                                                                                          1. Psychological Stressors
                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Stressors
                                                                                                                                            2. Stress Perception
                                                                                                                                              1. Cognitive Appraisal
                                                                                                                                                1. Individual Differences
                                                                                                                                              2. Acute Stress Response
                                                                                                                                                1. Sympathetic Activation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Fight-or-Flight Response
                                                                                                                                                    1. Catecholamine Release
                                                                                                                                                    2. HPA Axis Activation
                                                                                                                                                      1. CRH Release
                                                                                                                                                        1. ACTH Secretion
                                                                                                                                                          1. Cortisol Production
                                                                                                                                                        2. Chronic Stress Effects
                                                                                                                                                          1. Physiological Consequences
                                                                                                                                                            1. Immune Suppression
                                                                                                                                                              1. Cardiovascular Effects
                                                                                                                                                                1. Metabolic Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                2. Adaptation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Allostasis
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Allostatic Load
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Stress Management
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Physiological Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Parasympathetic Activation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hormone Normalization
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Adaptive Responses
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Resilience Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                        3. Aging and Physiological Changes
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cellular Aging
                                                                                                                                                                            1. DNA Damage
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Telomere Shortening
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Oxidative Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Protein Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. System-Specific Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cardiovascular Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Arterial Stiffening
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cardiac Output Decline
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Respiratory Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lung Elasticity Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gas Exchange Impairment
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Musculoskeletal Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Muscle Mass Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bone Density Decline
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Nervous System Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Neuronal Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cognitive Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Endocrine Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hormone Decline
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Metabolic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Homeostatic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reduced Reserve Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Slower Response Times
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Increased Vulnerability
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Successful Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lifestyle Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Preventive Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Adaptive Strategies

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              11. The Reproductive System

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Introduction to Human Physiology