Human Physiology

  1. The Cardiovascular System
    1. System Overview
      1. Circulatory Pathways
        1. Pulmonary Circulation
          1. Systemic Circulation
            1. Coronary Circulation
            2. Blood Flow Principles
              1. Pressure Gradients
                1. Resistance Factors
                  1. Flow Patterns
                2. Cardiac Structure and Function
                  1. Heart Anatomy
                    1. Cardiac Chambers
                      1. Right Atrium
                        1. Right Ventricle
                          1. Left Atrium
                            1. Left Ventricle
                            2. Heart Valves
                              1. Atrioventricular Valves
                                1. Tricuspid Valve
                                  1. Mitral Valve
                                  2. Semilunar Valves
                                    1. Pulmonary Valve
                                      1. Aortic Valve
                                    2. Cardiac Wall Layers
                                      1. Epicardium
                                        1. Myocardium
                                          1. Endocardium
                                          2. Coronary Circulation
                                            1. Coronary Arteries
                                              1. Coronary Veins
                                                1. Metabolic Demands
                                              2. Cardiac Electrophysiology
                                                1. Cardiac Conduction System
                                                  1. Sinoatrial Node
                                                    1. Pacemaker Cells
                                                      1. Automaticity
                                                      2. Atrioventricular Node
                                                        1. Conduction Delay
                                                          1. Filtering Function
                                                          2. Bundle of His
                                                            1. Bundle Branches
                                                              1. Purkinje Fibers
                                                              2. Cardiac Action Potentials
                                                                1. Pacemaker Potentials
                                                                  1. Ventricular Action Potentials
                                                                    1. Ion Channel Functions
                                                                    2. Electrocardiogram
                                                                      1. P Wave
                                                                        1. QRS Complex
                                                                          1. T Wave
                                                                            1. Intervals and Segments
                                                                          2. Cardiac Cycle
                                                                            1. Atrial Events
                                                                              1. Atrial Filling
                                                                                1. Atrial Systole
                                                                                2. Ventricular Events
                                                                                  1. Ventricular Filling
                                                                                    1. Isovolumetric Contraction
                                                                                      1. Ventricular Ejection
                                                                                        1. Isovolumetric Relaxation
                                                                                        2. Pressure-Volume Relationships
                                                                                          1. Ventricular Pressure Changes
                                                                                            1. Volume Changes
                                                                                              1. Heart Sounds
                                                                                                1. S1 Heart Sound
                                                                                                  1. S2 Heart Sound
                                                                                              2. Cardiac Output Regulation
                                                                                                1. Stroke Volume Determinants
                                                                                                  1. Preload
                                                                                                    1. Venous Return
                                                                                                      1. Frank-Starling Mechanism
                                                                                                      2. Afterload
                                                                                                        1. Arterial Pressure
                                                                                                          1. Vascular Resistance
                                                                                                          2. Contractility
                                                                                                            1. Sympathetic Stimulation
                                                                                                              1. Calcium Availability
                                                                                                            2. Heart Rate Control
                                                                                                              1. Sympathetic Effects
                                                                                                                1. Parasympathetic Effects
                                                                                                                  1. Intrinsic Rate
                                                                                                                  2. Cardiac Output Calculation
                                                                                                                    1. Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
                                                                                                                      1. Normal Values
                                                                                                                        1. Exercise Adaptations
                                                                                                                    2. Vascular System
                                                                                                                      1. Blood Vessel Structure
                                                                                                                        1. Arterial System
                                                                                                                          1. Elastic Arteries
                                                                                                                            1. Muscular Arteries
                                                                                                                              1. Arterioles
                                                                                                                              2. Capillary System
                                                                                                                                1. Continuous Capillaries
                                                                                                                                  1. Fenestrated Capillaries
                                                                                                                                    1. Sinusoidal Capillaries
                                                                                                                                    2. Venous System
                                                                                                                                      1. Venules
                                                                                                                                        1. Veins
                                                                                                                                          1. Venous Valves
                                                                                                                                        2. Hemodynamics
                                                                                                                                          1. Blood Flow Principles
                                                                                                                                            1. Poiseuille's Law
                                                                                                                                              1. Resistance Factors
                                                                                                                                                1. Laminar vs Turbulent Flow
                                                                                                                                                2. Blood Pressure
                                                                                                                                                  1. Systolic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                    1. Diastolic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                      1. Pulse Pressure
                                                                                                                                                        1. Mean Arterial Pressure
                                                                                                                                                        2. Vascular Resistance
                                                                                                                                                          1. Total Peripheral Resistance
                                                                                                                                                            1. Regional Resistance
                                                                                                                                                              1. Resistance Regulation
                                                                                                                                                            2. Cardiovascular Regulation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Neural Control
                                                                                                                                                                1. Cardiovascular Centers
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Baroreceptor Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Arterial Baroreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cardiopulmonary Baroreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Chemoreceptor Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Central Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Peripheral Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Renin Release
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Angiotensin II Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Aldosterone Actions
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Vasopressin
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Retention
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vasoconstriction
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sodium Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vasodilation
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Local Control
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Autoregulation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Metabolic Control
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Myogenic Response
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Endothelial Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nitric Oxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Endothelin
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Prostacyclin
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Capillary Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Exchange Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Concentration Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Membrane Permeability
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hydrostatic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oncotic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Bulk Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Starling Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Net Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Lymphatic System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lymph Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lymphatic Vessels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lymph Return
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Blood Composition and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Plasma Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Solvent Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Volume Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Plasma Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Albumin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oncotic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Transport Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Globulins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Immunoglobulins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Transport Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fibrinogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clotting Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Electrolytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sodium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Potassium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chloride
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bicarbonate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Nutrients and Wastes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Glucose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Amino Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Urea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Creatinine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Formed Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Red Blood Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biconcave Shape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hemoglobin Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oxygen Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Erythropoiesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bone Marrow Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Erythropoietin Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Hemoglobin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oxygen Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Carbon Dioxide Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Red Cell Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lifespan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hemolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bilirubin Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. White Blood Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neutrophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Phagocytosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bacterial Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. B Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Natural Killer Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Monocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Macrophage Precursors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Eosinophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Parasitic Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Allergic Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Basophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Histamine Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inflammatory Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Platelets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Platelet Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Adhesion and Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Hemostasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vascular Spasm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Smooth Muscle Contraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vasoconstriction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Platelet Plug Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Platelet Adhesion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Platelet Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Platelet Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Coagulation Cascade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Intrinsic Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Extrinsic Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Common Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fibrin Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Clot Retraction and Dissolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Clot Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fibrinolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plasmin Activity

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7. The Respiratory System