Human Physiology

  1. The Respiratory System
    1. Respiratory System Structure
      1. Upper Respiratory Tract
        1. Nose and Nasal Cavity
          1. Air Conditioning
            1. Filtration
              1. Olfaction
              2. Pharynx
                1. Nasopharynx
                  1. Oropharynx
                    1. Laryngopharynx
                    2. Larynx
                      1. Voice Production
                        1. Airway Protection
                      2. Lower Respiratory Tract
                        1. Trachea
                          1. Cartilaginous Support
                            1. Mucociliary Escalator
                            2. Bronchial Tree
                              1. Primary Bronchi
                                1. Secondary Bronchi
                                  1. Tertiary Bronchi
                                    1. Bronchioles
                                      1. Terminal Bronchioles
                                      2. Respiratory Zone
                                        1. Respiratory Bronchioles
                                          1. Alveolar Ducts
                                            1. Alveolar Sacs
                                              1. Alveoli
                                            2. Respiratory Membrane
                                              1. Alveolar Structure
                                                1. Type I Pneumocytes
                                                  1. Type II Pneumocytes
                                                    1. Alveolar Macrophages
                                                    2. Capillary Structure
                                                      1. Pulmonary Capillaries
                                                        1. Blood-Gas Barrier
                                                        2. Surfactant
                                                          1. Surface Tension Reduction
                                                            1. Alveolar Stability
                                                        3. Pulmonary Ventilation
                                                          1. Mechanics of Breathing
                                                            1. Inspiration
                                                              1. Diaphragm Contraction
                                                                1. External Intercostal Muscles
                                                                  1. Accessory Muscles
                                                                    1. Pressure Changes
                                                                    2. Expiration
                                                                      1. Passive Expiration
                                                                        1. Active Expiration
                                                                          1. Internal Intercostal Muscles
                                                                            1. Abdominal Muscles
                                                                          2. Pressure Relationships
                                                                            1. Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                              1. Intrapulmonary Pressure
                                                                                1. Intrapleural Pressure
                                                                                  1. Transpulmonary Pressure
                                                                                  2. Lung Volumes and Capacities
                                                                                    1. Tidal Volume
                                                                                      1. Normal Breathing
                                                                                        1. Measurement
                                                                                        2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
                                                                                          1. Maximum Inspiration
                                                                                          2. Expiratory Reserve Volume
                                                                                            1. Maximum Expiration
                                                                                            2. Residual Volume
                                                                                              1. Non-expellable Air
                                                                                              2. Vital Capacity
                                                                                                1. Maximum Breathing Capacity
                                                                                                2. Total Lung Capacity
                                                                                                  1. All Lung Volumes
                                                                                                  2. Functional Residual Capacity
                                                                                                    1. Resting Lung Volume
                                                                                                  3. Factors Affecting Ventilation
                                                                                                    1. Airway Resistance
                                                                                                      1. Bronchial Smooth Muscle
                                                                                                        1. Airway Diameter
                                                                                                        2. Lung Compliance
                                                                                                          1. Elastic Properties
                                                                                                            1. Surfactant Effects
                                                                                                            2. Surface Tension
                                                                                                              1. Alveolar Forces
                                                                                                                1. Surfactant Function
                                                                                                            3. Gas Exchange
                                                                                                              1. Physical Principles
                                                                                                                1. Dalton's Law
                                                                                                                  1. Partial Pressures
                                                                                                                    1. Gas Mixtures
                                                                                                                    2. Henry's Law
                                                                                                                      1. Gas Solubility
                                                                                                                        1. Pressure Effects
                                                                                                                        2. Fick's Law
                                                                                                                          1. Diffusion Rates
                                                                                                                            1. Membrane Properties
                                                                                                                          2. External Respiration
                                                                                                                            1. Oxygen Diffusion
                                                                                                                              1. Alveolar-Capillary Gradient
                                                                                                                                1. Diffusion Capacity
                                                                                                                                2. Carbon Dioxide Diffusion
                                                                                                                                  1. Capillary-Alveolar Gradient
                                                                                                                                    1. CO2 Elimination
                                                                                                                                    2. Factors Affecting Exchange
                                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Thickness
                                                                                                                                        1. Surface Area
                                                                                                                                          1. Solubility
                                                                                                                                            1. Molecular Weight
                                                                                                                                          2. Internal Respiration
                                                                                                                                            1. Tissue Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                              1. Oxygen Delivery
                                                                                                                                                1. Carbon Dioxide Pickup
                                                                                                                                                2. Cellular Respiration
                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen Consumption
                                                                                                                                                    1. CO2 Production
                                                                                                                                                3. Gas Transport in Blood
                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen Transport
                                                                                                                                                    1. Hemoglobin Binding
                                                                                                                                                      1. Cooperative Binding
                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Saturation
                                                                                                                                                        2. Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
                                                                                                                                                          1. Sigmoid Shape
                                                                                                                                                            1. P50 Value
                                                                                                                                                            2. Factors Affecting Oxygen Binding
                                                                                                                                                              1. pH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                  1. 2,3-DPG Effects
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Carbon Dioxide Effects
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Dissolved Oxygen
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Henry's Law Application
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plasma Contribution
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Carbon Dioxide Transport
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dissolved CO2
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Plasma Transport
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Carbaminohemoglobin
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hemoglobin Binding
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Bicarbonate System
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carbonic Anhydrase
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chloride Shift
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Buffer Function
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Haldane Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oxygen-CO2 Interaction
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Control of Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Respiratory Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Medullary Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dorsal Respiratory Group
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Inspiratory Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Ventral Respiratory Group
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Expiratory Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Inspiratory Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Pontine Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pneumotaxic Center
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Breathing Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Apneustic Center
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inspiratory Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Chemical Control
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Central Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Medullary Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. CO2/H+ Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CSF pH Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Peripheral Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Carotid Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aortic Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Oxygen Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. CO2 and pH Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Neural Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Voluntary Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cortical Input
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Behavioral Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Reflex Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hering-Breuer Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Irritant Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. J-Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Factors Modifying Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Exercise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Increased Ventilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Metabolic Demands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Altitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hypoxic Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Acclimatization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Disease States
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Respiratory Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Metabolic Disorders

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                            6. The Cardiovascular System

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                            8. The Renal System