Human Physiology

  1. Cell Physiology and Membrane Transport
    1. Cell Membrane Structure
      1. Lipid Bilayer Organization
        1. Phospholipid Arrangement
          1. Cholesterol Distribution
            1. Membrane Fluidity
            2. Fluid Mosaic Model
              1. Dynamic Nature of Membranes
                1. Lateral Movement of Components
                  1. Membrane Asymmetry
                  2. Membrane Proteins
                    1. Integral Proteins
                      1. Transmembrane Proteins
                        1. Protein Domains
                        2. Peripheral Proteins
                          1. Membrane Association
                            1. Functional Roles
                            2. Protein Functions
                              1. Transport Proteins
                                1. Receptor Proteins
                                  1. Enzymatic Proteins
                                    1. Recognition Proteins
                                      1. Adhesion Proteins
                                    2. Membrane Carbohydrates
                                      1. Glycoproteins
                                        1. Structure and Function
                                          1. Cell Surface Markers
                                          2. Glycolipids
                                            1. Distribution and Role
                                            2. Cell Recognition Functions
                                              1. Self vs Non-self Recognition
                                                1. Tissue Compatibility
                                            3. Transport Across Cell Membranes
                                              1. Passive Transport
                                                1. Simple Diffusion
                                                  1. Concentration Gradients
                                                    1. Factors Affecting Rate
                                                      1. Fick's Law Applications
                                                      2. Facilitated Diffusion
                                                        1. Carrier-Mediated Transport
                                                          1. Channel-Mediated Transport
                                                            1. Saturation Kinetics
                                                            2. Osmosis
                                                              1. Water Movement Principles
                                                                1. Osmotic Pressure
                                                                  1. Aquaporin Channels
                                                                  2. Tonicity Effects
                                                                    1. Isotonic Conditions
                                                                      1. Hypertonic Effects
                                                                        1. Hypotonic Effects
                                                                          1. Cell Volume Regulation
                                                                        2. Active Transport
                                                                          1. Primary Active Transport
                                                                            1. ATP-Powered Pumps
                                                                              1. Sodium-Potassium Pump
                                                                                1. Calcium Pumps
                                                                                  1. Proton Pumps
                                                                                  2. Secondary Active Transport
                                                                                    1. Cotransport Mechanisms
                                                                                      1. Countertransport Mechanisms
                                                                                        1. Energy Coupling
                                                                                      2. Vesicular Transport
                                                                                        1. Endocytosis
                                                                                          1. Phagocytosis
                                                                                            1. Pinocytosis
                                                                                              1. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
                                                                                                1. Clathrin-Coated Vesicles
                                                                                                2. Exocytosis
                                                                                                  1. Constitutive Secretion
                                                                                                    1. Regulated Secretion
                                                                                                      1. Membrane Recycling
                                                                                                  2. Intercellular Communication
                                                                                                    1. Direct Communication
                                                                                                      1. Gap Junctions
                                                                                                        1. Connexin Proteins
                                                                                                          1. Electrical Coupling
                                                                                                            1. Metabolic Coupling
                                                                                                            2. Tight Junctions
                                                                                                              1. Barrier Function
                                                                                                                1. Selective Permeability
                                                                                                                2. Adherens Junctions
                                                                                                                  1. Mechanical Coupling
                                                                                                                    1. Tissue Integrity
                                                                                                                  2. Indirect Communication
                                                                                                                    1. Chemical Messengers
                                                                                                                      1. Hormones
                                                                                                                        1. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                          1. Paracrine Factors
                                                                                                                            1. Autocrine Factors
                                                                                                                              1. Cytokines
                                                                                                                          2. Signal Transduction
                                                                                                                            1. Receptor-Ligand Interactions
                                                                                                                              1. Binding Specificity
                                                                                                                                1. Binding Affinity
                                                                                                                                  1. Receptor Saturation
                                                                                                                                  2. Intracellular Receptors
                                                                                                                                    1. Steroid Hormone Receptors
                                                                                                                                      1. Thyroid Hormone Receptors
                                                                                                                                        1. Gene Expression Regulation
                                                                                                                                        2. Membrane Receptors
                                                                                                                                          1. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
                                                                                                                                            1. Nicotinic Receptors
                                                                                                                                              1. GABA Receptors
                                                                                                                                                1. Glutamate Receptors
                                                                                                                                                2. G Protein-Coupled Receptors
                                                                                                                                                  1. G Protein Types
                                                                                                                                                    1. Effector Activation
                                                                                                                                                    2. Enzyme-Linked Receptors
                                                                                                                                                      1. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
                                                                                                                                                        1. Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors
                                                                                                                                                      2. Second Messenger Systems
                                                                                                                                                        1. Cyclic AMP Pathway
                                                                                                                                                          1. Adenylyl Cyclase
                                                                                                                                                            1. Protein Kinase A
                                                                                                                                                              1. CREB Activation
                                                                                                                                                              2. Calcium Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                1. Calcium Sources
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Calmodulin
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Calcium-Binding Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Phosphoinositide Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                      1. PIP2 Hydrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                        1. IP3 and DAG Functions
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Protein Kinase C
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Signal Amplification
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Enzyme Cascades
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Amplification Factors

                                                                                                                                                                        Previous

                                                                                                                                                                        1. Introduction to Human Physiology

                                                                                                                                                                        Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                        Next

                                                                                                                                                                        3. The Nervous System