Human Physiology

  1. The Immune System
    1. Overview of Immune Defense
      1. Innate Immunity
        1. Immediate Response
          1. Non-specific Recognition
            1. Evolutionary Conservation
            2. Adaptive Immunity
              1. Specific Recognition
                1. Memory Formation
                  1. Clonal Selection
                  2. Immune System Organization
                    1. Primary Lymphoid Organs
                      1. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
                        1. Lymphocyte Circulation
                      2. Innate Immune Mechanisms
                        1. Physical and Chemical Barriers
                          1. Skin Barrier
                            1. Stratified Epithelium
                              1. Antimicrobial Peptides
                                1. Normal Flora
                                2. Mucosal Barriers
                                  1. Mucus Production
                                    1. Ciliary Action
                                      1. Secretory IgA
                                      2. Chemical Defenses
                                        1. Gastric Acid
                                          1. Lysozyme
                                            1. Lactoferrin
                                          2. Cellular Components
                                            1. Phagocytic Cells
                                              1. Neutrophils
                                                1. Rapid Response
                                                  1. Bacterial Killing
                                                    1. NET Formation
                                                    2. Macrophages
                                                      1. Tissue Residence
                                                        1. Antigen Presentation
                                                          1. Tissue Repair
                                                          2. Dendritic Cells
                                                            1. Antigen Capture
                                                              1. T Cell Activation
                                                            2. Natural Killer Cells
                                                              1. Virus-Infected Cell Recognition
                                                                1. Tumor Cell Killing
                                                                  1. Cytokine Production
                                                                2. Molecular Components
                                                                  1. Complement System
                                                                    1. Classical Pathway
                                                                      1. Alternative Pathway
                                                                        1. Lectin Pathway
                                                                          1. Membrane Attack Complex
                                                                          2. Antimicrobial Proteins
                                                                            1. Interferons
                                                                              1. Type I Interferons
                                                                                1. Type II Interferon
                                                                                  1. Antiviral Effects
                                                                                  2. Defensins
                                                                                    1. Collectins
                                                                                  3. Inflammatory Response
                                                                                    1. Acute Inflammation
                                                                                      1. Vasodilation
                                                                                        1. Increased Permeability
                                                                                          1. Leukocyte Recruitment
                                                                                          2. Inflammatory Mediators
                                                                                            1. Histamine
                                                                                              1. Prostaglandins
                                                                                                1. Leukotrienes
                                                                                                  1. Cytokines
                                                                                                  2. Resolution of Inflammation
                                                                                                    1. Anti-inflammatory Signals
                                                                                                      1. Tissue Repair
                                                                                                  3. Adaptive Immune System
                                                                                                    1. Antigen Recognition
                                                                                                      1. Antigen Structure
                                                                                                        1. Epitopes
                                                                                                          1. Haptens
                                                                                                            1. Adjuvants
                                                                                                            2. Major Histocompatibility Complex
                                                                                                              1. MHC Class I
                                                                                                                1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                  1. Peptide Presentation
                                                                                                                  2. MHC Class II
                                                                                                                    1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                      1. Antigen Presentation
                                                                                                                  3. Lymphocyte Development
                                                                                                                    1. B Cell Development
                                                                                                                      1. Bone Marrow Maturation
                                                                                                                        1. Immunoglobulin Rearrangement
                                                                                                                          1. Negative Selection
                                                                                                                          2. T Cell Development
                                                                                                                            1. Thymic Maturation
                                                                                                                              1. T Cell Receptor Rearrangement
                                                                                                                                1. Positive and Negative Selection
                                                                                                                              2. Antigen-Presenting Cells
                                                                                                                                1. Dendritic Cells
                                                                                                                                  1. Antigen Capture
                                                                                                                                    1. Migration to Lymph Nodes
                                                                                                                                      1. T Cell Activation
                                                                                                                                      2. Macrophages
                                                                                                                                        1. Antigen Processing
                                                                                                                                          1. Costimulatory Signals
                                                                                                                                          2. B Cells
                                                                                                                                            1. Antigen Presentation to T Cells
                                                                                                                                          3. B Cell Responses
                                                                                                                                            1. B Cell Activation
                                                                                                                                              1. Antigen Recognition
                                                                                                                                                1. T Cell Help
                                                                                                                                                  1. Costimulation
                                                                                                                                                  2. Antibody Production
                                                                                                                                                    1. Plasma Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Immunoglobulin Classes
                                                                                                                                                        1. IgM
                                                                                                                                                          1. IgG
                                                                                                                                                            1. IgA
                                                                                                                                                              1. IgE
                                                                                                                                                                1. IgD
                                                                                                                                                              2. Antibody Functions
                                                                                                                                                                1. Neutralization
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Opsonization
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Complement Activation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Memory B Cells
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Long-Term Protection
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rapid Secondary Response
                                                                                                                                                                        2. T Cell Responses
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Helper T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Th1 Cells
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cellular Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Macrophage Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Th2 Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Humoral Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. B Cell Help
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Th17 Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Inflammatory Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Barrier Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Regulatory T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immune Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tolerance Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Cytotoxic T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Target Cell Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cytotoxic Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Perforin-Granzyme
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fas-FasL
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Memory Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Immune Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Primary Immune Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Initial Antigen Encounter
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clonal Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Secondary Immune Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Faster Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Enhanced Magnitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Memory Cell Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Immune System Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lymphoid Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Primary Lymphoid Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bone Marrow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. B Cell Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hematopoiesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Thymus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. T Cell Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Central Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lymph Nodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Antigen Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immune Cell Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Spleen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Blood Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Immune Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Peyer's Patches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tonsils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Immune Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Central Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Negative Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clonal Deletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Peripheral Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Regulatory T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Immune Privilege
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Immune Surveillance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tumor Immunosurveillance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cancer Cell Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Immune Escape Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pathogen Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pattern Recognition Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Danger Signals

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              11. The Reproductive System