Human Physiology

  1. The Reproductive System
    1. Male Reproductive System
      1. Male Reproductive Anatomy
        1. Testes
          1. Seminiferous Tubules
            1. Interstitial Cells
              1. Blood-Testis Barrier
              2. Accessory Ducts
                1. Epididymis
                  1. Vas Deferens
                    1. Ejaculatory Ducts
                      1. Urethra
                      2. Accessory Glands
                        1. Seminal Vesicles
                          1. Prostate Gland
                            1. Bulbourethral Glands
                            2. External Genitalia
                              1. Penis
                                1. Scrotum
                              2. Spermatogenesis
                                1. Mitotic Phase
                                  1. Spermatogonial Stem Cells
                                    1. Proliferation
                                    2. Meiotic Phase
                                      1. Primary Spermatocytes
                                        1. Secondary Spermatocytes
                                          1. Genetic Recombination
                                          2. Differentiation Phase
                                            1. Spermatids
                                              1. Spermiogenesis
                                                1. Sperm Maturation
                                                2. Supporting Cells
                                                  1. Sertoli Cells
                                                    1. Blood-Testis Barrier
                                                      1. Nutritional Support
                                                        1. Hormone Production
                                                    2. Male Hormonal Control
                                                      1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
                                                        1. GnRH Release
                                                          1. LH and FSH Secretion
                                                            1. Negative Feedback
                                                            2. Testosterone
                                                              1. Synthesis and Secretion
                                                                1. Target Tissues
                                                                  1. Physiological Effects
                                                                    1. Spermatogenesis
                                                                      1. Secondary Sex Characteristics
                                                                        1. Anabolic Effects
                                                                      2. Other Hormones
                                                                        1. Inhibin
                                                                          1. Anti-Müllerian Hormone
                                                                        2. Male Sexual Response
                                                                          1. Erection
                                                                            1. Vascular Mechanisms
                                                                              1. Neural Control
                                                                                1. Hormonal Influences
                                                                                2. Emission and Ejaculation
                                                                                  1. Sympathetic Control
                                                                                    1. Semen Composition
                                                                                      1. Orgasmic Response
                                                                                  2. Female Reproductive System
                                                                                    1. Female Reproductive Anatomy
                                                                                      1. Ovaries
                                                                                        1. Follicle Development
                                                                                          1. Corpus Luteum
                                                                                            1. Ovarian Stroma
                                                                                            2. Fallopian Tubes
                                                                                              1. Fimbriae
                                                                                                1. Ciliary Action
                                                                                                  1. Fertilization Site
                                                                                                  2. Uterus
                                                                                                    1. Endometrium
                                                                                                      1. Myometrium
                                                                                                        1. Cervix
                                                                                                        2. Vagina
                                                                                                          1. Vaginal Wall
                                                                                                            1. Vaginal Environment
                                                                                                            2. External Genitalia
                                                                                                              1. Vulva Components
                                                                                                            3. Oogenesis
                                                                                                              1. Prenatal Development
                                                                                                                1. Primordial Germ Cells
                                                                                                                  1. Mitotic Proliferation
                                                                                                                    1. Meiotic Arrest
                                                                                                                    2. Follicular Development
                                                                                                                      1. Primordial Follicles
                                                                                                                        1. Primary Follicles
                                                                                                                          1. Secondary Follicles
                                                                                                                            1. Graafian Follicles
                                                                                                                            2. Ovulation
                                                                                                                              1. LH Surge
                                                                                                                                1. Follicle Rupture
                                                                                                                                  1. Oocyte Release
                                                                                                                                  2. Atresia
                                                                                                                                    1. Follicle Degeneration
                                                                                                                                      1. Apoptosis
                                                                                                                                    2. Ovarian Cycle
                                                                                                                                      1. Follicular Phase
                                                                                                                                        1. Follicle Selection
                                                                                                                                          1. Estrogen Production
                                                                                                                                            1. Endometrial Proliferation
                                                                                                                                            2. Ovulation
                                                                                                                                              1. LH Surge Trigger
                                                                                                                                                1. Ovulatory Process
                                                                                                                                                2. Luteal Phase
                                                                                                                                                  1. Corpus Luteum Formation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Progesterone Production
                                                                                                                                                      1. Endometrial Secretion
                                                                                                                                                      2. Luteolysis
                                                                                                                                                        1. Corpus Luteum Regression
                                                                                                                                                          1. Hormone Withdrawal
                                                                                                                                                        2. Menstrual Cycle
                                                                                                                                                          1. Menstrual Phase
                                                                                                                                                            1. Endometrial Shedding
                                                                                                                                                              1. Prostaglandin Effects
                                                                                                                                                              2. Proliferative Phase
                                                                                                                                                                1. Estrogen Effects
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Endometrial Growth
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Secretory Phase
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Progesterone Effects
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glandular Development
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Cycle Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hormonal Feedback
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cycle Length Variation
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Female Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis
                                                                                                                                                                            1. GnRH Pulsatility
                                                                                                                                                                              1. LH and FSH Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Feedback Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Ovarian Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Estrogens
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Estradiol
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Estrone
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Estriol
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Progesterone
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Luteal Production
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Target Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Inhibin and Activin
                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Hormone Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reproductive Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Secondary Sex Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Metabolic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Female Sexual Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Arousal Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vascular Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lubrication
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Plateau Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Continued Arousal
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Orgasmic Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rhythmic Contractions
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Resolution Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Return to Baseline
                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Pregnancy and Parturition
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sperm Capacitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biochemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Acrosome Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Oocyte Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sperm-Egg Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cortical Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pronucleus Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Early Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cleavage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Blastocyst Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Implantation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Blastocyst Attachment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Endometrial Receptivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Trophoblast Invasion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Placental Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chorionic Villi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Maternal-Fetal Interface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hormone Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pregnancy Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Corpus Luteum Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pregnancy Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Placental Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Estrogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Progesterone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Human Placental Lactogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Maternal Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cardiovascular Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Respiratory Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Parturition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Labor Initiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hormonal Triggers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fetal Signals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Stages of Labor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. First Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cervical Dilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Uterine Contractions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Second Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fetal Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Third Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Placental Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxytocin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Prostaglandins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Relaxin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Lactation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mammary Gland Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pubertal Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pregnancy Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Postpartum Involution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Milk Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Prolactin Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Alveolar Cell Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Milk Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Milk Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Carbohydrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Immunoglobulins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Milk Ejection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxytocin Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Suckling Stimulus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neuroendocrine Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Myoepithelial Contraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Milk Ejection Reflex

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        12. Integration of Physiological Systems