Human Physiology

11.

The Reproductive System

11.1.

Male Reproductive System

11.1.1.

Male Reproductive Anatomy

11.1.1.1.

11.1.1.1.1.

Seminiferous Tubules

11.1.1.1.2.

Interstitial Cells

11.1.1.1.3.

Blood-Testis Barrier

11.1.1.2.

Accessory Ducts

11.1.1.2.1.

11.1.1.2.2.

11.1.1.2.3.

Ejaculatory Ducts

11.1.1.2.4.

11.1.1.3.

Accessory Glands

11.1.1.3.1.

Seminal Vesicles

11.1.1.3.2.

11.1.1.3.3.

Bulbourethral Glands

11.1.1.4.

External Genitalia

11.1.1.4.1.

11.1.1.4.2.

11.1.2.

Spermatogenesis

11.1.2.1.

11.1.2.1.1.

Spermatogonial Stem Cells

11.1.2.1.2.

11.1.2.2.

11.1.2.2.1.

Primary Spermatocytes

11.1.2.2.2.

Secondary Spermatocytes

11.1.2.2.3.

Genetic Recombination

11.1.2.3.

Differentiation Phase

11.1.2.3.1.

11.1.2.3.2.

11.1.2.3.3.

Sperm Maturation

11.1.2.4.

Supporting Cells

11.1.2.4.1.

11.1.2.4.1.1.

Blood-Testis Barrier

11.1.2.4.1.2.

Nutritional Support

11.1.2.4.1.3.

Hormone Production

11.1.3.

Male Hormonal Control

11.1.3.1.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

11.1.3.1.1.

11.1.3.1.2.

LH and FSH Secretion

11.1.3.1.3.

Negative Feedback

11.1.3.2.

11.1.3.2.1.

Synthesis and Secretion

11.1.3.2.2.

11.1.3.2.3.

Physiological Effects

11.1.3.2.3.1.

Spermatogenesis

11.1.3.2.3.2.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

11.1.3.2.3.3.

Anabolic Effects

11.1.3.3.

11.1.3.3.1.

11.1.3.3.2.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone

11.1.4.

Male Sexual Response

11.1.4.1.

11.1.4.1.1.

Vascular Mechanisms

11.1.4.1.2.

11.1.4.1.3.

Hormonal Influences

11.1.4.2.

Emission and Ejaculation

11.1.4.2.1.

Sympathetic Control

11.1.4.2.2.

Semen Composition

11.1.4.2.3.

Orgasmic Response

11.2.

Female Reproductive System

11.2.1.

Female Reproductive Anatomy

11.2.1.1.

11.2.1.1.1.

Follicle Development

11.2.1.1.2.

11.2.1.1.3.

11.2.1.2.

Fallopian Tubes

11.2.1.2.1.

11.2.1.2.2.

11.2.1.2.3.

Fertilization Site

11.2.1.3.

11.2.1.3.1.

11.2.1.3.2.

11.2.1.3.3.

11.2.1.4.

11.2.1.4.1.

11.2.1.4.2.

Vaginal Environment

11.2.1.5.

External Genitalia

11.2.1.5.1.

Vulva Components

11.2.2.

11.2.2.1.

Prenatal Development

11.2.2.1.1.

Primordial Germ Cells

11.2.2.1.2.

Mitotic Proliferation

11.2.2.1.3.

11.2.2.2.

Follicular Development

11.2.2.2.1.

Primordial Follicles

11.2.2.2.2.

Primary Follicles

11.2.2.2.3.

Secondary Follicles

11.2.2.2.4.

Graafian Follicles

11.2.2.3.

11.2.2.3.1.

11.2.2.3.2.

Follicle Rupture

11.2.2.3.3.

11.2.2.4.

11.2.2.4.1.

Follicle Degeneration

11.2.2.4.2.

11.2.3.

11.2.3.1.

Follicular Phase

11.2.3.1.1.

Follicle Selection

11.2.3.1.2.

Estrogen Production

11.2.3.1.3.

Endometrial Proliferation

11.2.3.2.

11.2.3.2.1.

LH Surge Trigger

11.2.3.2.2.

Ovulatory Process

11.2.3.3.

11.2.3.3.1.

Corpus Luteum Formation

11.2.3.3.2.

Progesterone Production

11.2.3.3.3.

Endometrial Secretion

11.2.3.4.

11.2.3.4.1.

Corpus Luteum Regression

11.2.3.4.2.

Hormone Withdrawal

11.2.4.

Menstrual Cycle

11.2.4.1.

Menstrual Phase

11.2.4.1.1.

Endometrial Shedding

11.2.4.1.2.

Prostaglandin Effects

11.2.4.2.

Proliferative Phase

11.2.4.2.1.

Estrogen Effects

11.2.4.2.2.

Endometrial Growth

11.2.4.3.

Secretory Phase

11.2.4.3.1.

Progesterone Effects

11.2.4.3.2.

Glandular Development

11.2.4.4.

Cycle Regulation

11.2.4.4.1.

Hormonal Feedback

11.2.4.4.2.

Cycle Length Variation

11.2.5.

Female Hormonal Control

11.2.5.1.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis

11.2.5.1.1.

GnRH Pulsatility

11.2.5.1.2.

LH and FSH Cycles

11.2.5.1.3.

Feedback Mechanisms

11.2.5.2.

Ovarian Hormones

11.2.5.2.1.

11.2.5.2.1.1.

11.2.5.2.1.2.

11.2.5.2.1.3.

11.2.5.2.2.

11.2.5.2.2.1.

Luteal Production

11.2.5.2.2.2.

11.2.5.2.3.

Inhibin and Activin

11.2.5.3.

Hormone Effects

11.2.5.3.1.

Reproductive Tract

11.2.5.3.2.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

11.2.5.3.3.

Metabolic Effects

11.2.6.

Female Sexual Response

11.2.6.1.

11.2.6.1.1.

Vascular Changes

11.2.6.1.2.

11.2.6.2.

11.2.6.2.1.

Continued Arousal

11.2.6.3.

11.2.6.3.1.

Rhythmic Contractions

11.2.6.4.

Resolution Phase

11.2.6.4.1.

Return to Baseline

11.3.

Pregnancy and Parturition

11.3.1.

11.3.1.1.

Sperm Capacitation

11.3.1.1.1.

Biochemical Changes

11.3.1.1.2.

Acrosome Reaction

11.3.1.2.

Oocyte Activation

11.3.1.2.1.

Sperm-Egg Fusion

11.3.1.2.2.

Cortical Reaction

11.3.1.2.3.

Pronucleus Formation

11.3.1.3.

Early Development

11.3.1.3.1.

11.3.1.3.2.

Blastocyst Formation

11.3.2.

11.3.2.1.

Blastocyst Attachment

11.3.2.1.1.

Endometrial Receptivity

11.3.2.1.2.

Trophoblast Invasion

11.3.2.2.

Placental Development

11.3.2.2.1.

Chorionic Villi

11.3.2.2.2.

Maternal-Fetal Interface

11.3.2.2.3.

Hormone Production

11.3.3.

Pregnancy Hormones

11.3.3.1.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

11.3.3.1.1.

Corpus Luteum Maintenance

11.3.3.1.2.

Pregnancy Detection

11.3.3.2.

Placental Hormones

11.3.3.2.1.

11.3.3.2.2.

11.3.3.2.3.

Human Placental Lactogen

11.3.3.3.

Maternal Adaptations

11.3.3.3.1.

Cardiovascular Changes

11.3.3.3.2.

Respiratory Changes

11.3.3.3.3.

Metabolic Changes

11.3.4.

11.3.4.1.

Labor Initiation

11.3.4.1.1.

Hormonal Triggers

11.3.4.1.2.

11.3.4.2.

Stages of Labor

11.3.4.2.1.

11.3.4.2.1.1.

Cervical Dilation

11.3.4.2.1.2.

Uterine Contractions

11.3.4.2.2.

11.3.4.2.2.1.

11.3.4.2.3.

11.3.4.2.3.1.

Placental Delivery

11.3.4.3.

Hormonal Control

11.3.4.3.1.

11.3.4.3.2.

11.3.4.3.3.

11.4.

11.4.1.

Mammary Gland Development

11.4.1.1.

Pubertal Development

11.4.1.2.

Pregnancy Changes

11.4.1.3.

Postpartum Involution

11.4.2.

Milk Production

11.4.2.1.

Prolactin Effects

11.4.2.1.1.

Alveolar Cell Stimulation

11.4.2.1.2.

11.4.2.2.

Milk Composition

11.4.2.2.1.

11.4.2.2.2.

11.4.2.2.3.

11.4.2.2.4.

Immunoglobulins

11.4.3.

11.4.3.1.

Oxytocin Release

11.4.3.1.1.

Suckling Stimulus

11.4.3.1.2.

Neuroendocrine Reflex

11.4.3.2.

Myoepithelial Contraction

11.4.3.2.1.

Milk Ejection Reflex

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