Clinical Chemistry

  1. Carbohydrates
    1. Glucose Metabolism
      1. Glycolysis
        1. Pathway Steps
          1. Key Enzymes
            1. Regulation
              1. Energy Production
              2. Gluconeogenesis
                1. Pathway Steps
                  1. Key Enzymes
                    1. Regulation
                      1. Substrates
                      2. Glycogenolysis
                        1. Pathway Steps
                          1. Key Enzymes
                            1. Regulation
                              1. Tissue Distribution
                              2. Glycogenesis
                                1. Pathway Steps
                                  1. Regulation
                                  2. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
                                    1. Functions
                                      1. Regulation
                                    2. Hormonal Regulation
                                      1. Insulin
                                        1. Synthesis and Secretion
                                          1. Mechanism of Action
                                            1. Insulin Receptors
                                              1. Signal Transduction
                                              2. Glucagon
                                                1. Synthesis and Secretion
                                                  1. Mechanism of Action
                                                    1. Counter-Regulatory Effects
                                                    2. Cortisol
                                                      1. Role in Glucose Homeostasis
                                                        1. Gluconeogenic Effects
                                                        2. Epinephrine
                                                          1. Role in Glucose Homeostasis
                                                            1. Glycogenolytic Effects
                                                            2. Growth Hormone
                                                              1. Effects on Glucose Metabolism
                                                              2. Thyroid Hormones
                                                                1. Effects on Glucose Metabolism
                                                              3. Clinical Significance
                                                                1. Hyperglycemia
                                                                  1. Causes
                                                                    1. Acute Symptoms
                                                                      1. Chronic Complications
                                                                        1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
                                                                          1. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
                                                                          2. Hypoglycemia
                                                                            1. Causes
                                                                              1. Symptoms and Complications
                                                                                1. Whipple's Triad
                                                                                  1. Reactive vs. Fasting Hypoglycemia
                                                                                2. Diabetes Mellitus
                                                                                  1. Type 1
                                                                                    1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                      1. Autoimmune Destruction
                                                                                        1. Clinical Features
                                                                                          1. Age of Onset
                                                                                          2. Type 2
                                                                                            1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                              1. Insulin Resistance
                                                                                                1. Beta-Cell Dysfunction
                                                                                                  1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                    1. Risk Factors
                                                                                                    2. Gestational Diabetes
                                                                                                      1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                        1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                          1. Risk Factors
                                                                                                            1. Maternal and Fetal Complications
                                                                                                            2. Monogenic Diabetes
                                                                                                              1. MODY
                                                                                                                1. Neonatal Diabetes
                                                                                                                2. Secondary Diabetes
                                                                                                                  1. Drug-Induced
                                                                                                                    1. Pancreatic Disease
                                                                                                                      1. Endocrine Disorders
                                                                                                                    2. Laboratory Diagnosis and Monitoring
                                                                                                                      1. Fasting Plasma Glucose
                                                                                                                        1. Indications and Interpretation
                                                                                                                          1. Reference Ranges
                                                                                                                            1. Diagnostic Criteria
                                                                                                                            2. Random Plasma Glucose
                                                                                                                              1. Indications and Interpretation
                                                                                                                              2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
                                                                                                                                1. Procedure
                                                                                                                                  1. Patient Preparation
                                                                                                                                    1. Interpretation
                                                                                                                                      1. Diagnostic Criteria
                                                                                                                                      2. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
                                                                                                                                        1. Formation and Structure
                                                                                                                                          1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Utility
                                                                                                                                              1. Limitations
                                                                                                                                                1. Diagnostic Criteria
                                                                                                                                                2. Fructosamine
                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Utility
                                                                                                                                                    1. Comparison with HbA1c
                                                                                                                                                    2. Ketones
                                                                                                                                                      1. Types of Ketone Bodies
                                                                                                                                                        1. Acetoacetate
                                                                                                                                                          1. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
                                                                                                                                                            1. Acetone
                                                                                                                                                              1. Methods of Detection
                                                                                                                                                                1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                2. Microalbuminuria
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Significance in Diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Progression to Nephropathy
                                                                                                                                                                      2. C-Peptide
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Clinical Utility
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Insulin Reserve Assessment

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                                                                                                                                                                      4. Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation

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                                                                                                                                                                      6. Lipids and Lipoproteins