Clinical Chemistry

  1. Minerals and Trace Elements
    1. Calcium
      1. Physiological Functions
        1. Bone Formation
          1. Muscle Contraction
            1. Blood Coagulation
              1. Enzyme Activation
              2. Regulation
                1. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
                  1. Vitamin D
                    1. Calcitonin
                      1. Calcium-Sensing Receptor
                      2. Forms in Blood
                        1. Ionized Calcium
                          1. Protein-Bound Calcium
                            1. Complexed Calcium
                            2. Disorders
                              1. Hypercalcemia
                                1. Causes
                                  1. Symptoms
                                    1. Treatment
                                    2. Hypocalcemia
                                      1. Causes
                                        1. Symptoms
                                          1. Treatment
                                        2. Laboratory Measurement
                                          1. Total Calcium
                                            1. Ionized Calcium
                                              1. Albumin Correction
                                            2. Phosphate
                                              1. Physiological Functions
                                                1. Bone Formation
                                                  1. Energy Metabolism
                                                    1. Cell Signaling
                                                    2. Regulation and Function
                                                      1. PTH
                                                        1. Vitamin D
                                                          1. FGF23
                                                          2. Disorders
                                                            1. Hyperphosphatemia
                                                              1. Causes
                                                                1. Clinical Significance
                                                                2. Hypophosphatemia
                                                                  1. Causes
                                                                    1. Clinical Significance
                                                                  2. Laboratory Measurement
                                                                    1. Methods
                                                                      1. Reference Ranges
                                                                    2. Magnesium
                                                                      1. Physiological Functions
                                                                        1. Enzyme Cofactor
                                                                          1. Protein Synthesis
                                                                            1. Membrane Stability
                                                                            2. Regulation and Function
                                                                              1. Renal Regulation
                                                                                1. Intestinal Absorption
                                                                                2. Disorders
                                                                                  1. Hypermagnesemia
                                                                                    1. Causes
                                                                                      1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                      2. Hypomagnesemia
                                                                                        1. Causes
                                                                                          1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                        2. Laboratory Measurement
                                                                                          1. Serum vs. Intracellular
                                                                                            1. Methods
                                                                                          2. Iron
                                                                                            1. Physiological Functions
                                                                                              1. Oxygen Transport
                                                                                                1. Electron Transport
                                                                                                  1. DNA Synthesis
                                                                                                  2. Absorption and Transport
                                                                                                    1. Intestinal Absorption
                                                                                                      1. Transferrin
                                                                                                        1. Transferrin Receptors
                                                                                                        2. Storage and Regulation
                                                                                                          1. Ferritin
                                                                                                            1. Hemosiderin
                                                                                                              1. Hepcidin
                                                                                                              2. Iron Studies
                                                                                                                1. Serum Iron
                                                                                                                  1. Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC)
                                                                                                                    1. Transferrin Saturation
                                                                                                                      1. Ferritin
                                                                                                                        1. Soluble Transferrin Receptor
                                                                                                                        2. Disorders
                                                                                                                          1. Iron Deficiency
                                                                                                                            1. Stages
                                                                                                                              1. Laboratory Findings
                                                                                                                              2. Iron Overload
                                                                                                                                1. Hemochromatosis
                                                                                                                                  1. Laboratory Findings
                                                                                                                                2. Laboratory Measurement
                                                                                                                                  1. Methods
                                                                                                                                    1. Interferences
                                                                                                                                  2. Copper
                                                                                                                                    1. Physiological Functions
                                                                                                                                      1. Enzyme Cofactor
                                                                                                                                        1. Iron Metabolism
                                                                                                                                          1. Connective Tissue Formation
                                                                                                                                          2. Absorption and Transport
                                                                                                                                            1. Intestinal Absorption
                                                                                                                                              1. Ceruloplasmin
                                                                                                                                              2. Disorders
                                                                                                                                                1. Wilson's Disease
                                                                                                                                                  1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                    1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                    2. Menkes Disease
                                                                                                                                                      1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                        1. Laboratory Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                      2. Laboratory Measurement
                                                                                                                                                        1. Serum Copper
                                                                                                                                                          1. Ceruloplasmin
                                                                                                                                                            1. 24-Hour Urine Copper
                                                                                                                                                          2. Zinc
                                                                                                                                                            1. Biological Functions
                                                                                                                                                              1. Enzyme Cofactor
                                                                                                                                                                1. Protein Structure
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gene Expression
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Absorption and Transport
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Intestinal Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Albumin Binding
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Deficiency and Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Laboratory Findings
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Laboratory Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Serum Zinc
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Other Trace Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Selenium
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Deficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Chromium
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Manganese
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Toxicity

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                                                                                                                                                                                          13. Vitamins and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)