Clinical Chemistry

  1. Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance
    1. Major Electrolytes
      1. Sodium (Na+)
        1. Physiological Role
          1. Osmotic Regulation
            1. Nerve Conduction
              1. Muscle Contraction
              2. Regulation
                1. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
                  1. Antidiuretic Hormone
                  2. Disorders
                    1. Hyponatremia
                      1. Causes
                        1. Symptoms
                          1. Treatment
                          2. Hypernatremia
                            1. Causes
                              1. Symptoms
                                1. Treatment
                            2. Potassium (K+)
                              1. Physiological Role
                                1. Membrane Potential
                                  1. Enzyme Activation
                                    1. Protein Synthesis
                                    2. Regulation
                                      1. Aldosterone
                                        1. Insulin
                                          1. Acid-Base Status
                                          2. Disorders
                                            1. Hypokalemia
                                              1. Causes
                                                1. Symptoms
                                                  1. Treatment
                                                  2. Hyperkalemia
                                                    1. Causes
                                                      1. Symptoms
                                                        1. Treatment
                                                    2. Chloride (Cl-)
                                                      1. Physiological Role
                                                        1. Osmotic Balance
                                                          1. Acid-Base Balance
                                                            1. Gastric Acid Production
                                                            2. Regulation
                                                              1. Passive Transport
                                                                1. Active Transport
                                                                2. Disorders
                                                                  1. Hypochloremia
                                                                    1. Causes
                                                                      1. Clinical Significance
                                                                      2. Hyperchloremia
                                                                        1. Causes
                                                                          1. Clinical Significance
                                                                      3. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
                                                                        1. Physiological Role
                                                                          1. Primary Buffer System
                                                                            1. CO2 Transport
                                                                            2. Regulation
                                                                              1. Respiratory System
                                                                                1. Renal System
                                                                                2. Disorders
                                                                                  1. Metabolic Acidosis
                                                                                    1. Causes
                                                                                      1. Compensation
                                                                                      2. Metabolic Alkalosis
                                                                                        1. Causes
                                                                                          1. Compensation
                                                                                    2. Anion Gap
                                                                                      1. Calculation and Interpretation
                                                                                        1. Formula
                                                                                          1. Normal Range
                                                                                          2. Clinical Significance
                                                                                            1. High Anion Gap Acidosis
                                                                                              1. Normal Anion Gap Acidosis
                                                                                              2. Osmolal Gap
                                                                                                1. Calculation
                                                                                                  1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                2. Regulation of Electrolytes and Water Balance
                                                                                                  1. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
                                                                                                    1. Components and Function
                                                                                                      1. Renin
                                                                                                        1. Angiotensin I and II
                                                                                                          1. Aldosterone
                                                                                                          2. Regulation
                                                                                                            1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                            2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
                                                                                                              1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                1. Regulation
                                                                                                                  1. Disorders
                                                                                                                    1. SIADH
                                                                                                                      1. Diabetes Insipidus
                                                                                                                    2. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
                                                                                                                      1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                        1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                      2. Acid-Base Physiology
                                                                                                                        1. Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
                                                                                                                          1. Mathematical Expression
                                                                                                                            1. Application in Clinical Chemistry
                                                                                                                              1. Limitations
                                                                                                                              2. Buffer Systems
                                                                                                                                1. Bicarbonate Buffer
                                                                                                                                  1. Most Important System
                                                                                                                                    1. Open vs. Closed System
                                                                                                                                    2. Phosphate Buffer
                                                                                                                                      1. Intracellular Importance
                                                                                                                                      2. Protein Buffer
                                                                                                                                        1. Hemoglobin
                                                                                                                                          1. Albumin
                                                                                                                                        2. Role of Lungs and Kidneys
                                                                                                                                          1. Respiratory Regulation
                                                                                                                                            1. CO2 Elimination
                                                                                                                                              1. Rapid Response
                                                                                                                                              2. Renal Regulation
                                                                                                                                                1. Bicarbonate Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                  1. Acid Excretion
                                                                                                                                                    1. Slow Response
                                                                                                                                                2. Blood Gas Analysis
                                                                                                                                                  1. Sample Collection and Handling
                                                                                                                                                    1. Arterial vs. Venous
                                                                                                                                                      1. Anaerobic Collection
                                                                                                                                                        1. Temperature Correction
                                                                                                                                                        2. Parameters Measured
                                                                                                                                                          1. pH
                                                                                                                                                            1. Reference Range
                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                              2. pCO2
                                                                                                                                                                1. Reference Range
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                  2. pO2
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reference Range
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Oxygen Saturation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Calculated vs. Measured
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Base Excess
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                        3. Interpretation of Results
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Systematic Approach
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Compensation Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Acid-Base Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Metabolic Acidosis
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                1. High Anion Gap
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Normal Anion Gap
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Respiratory Response
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Treatment Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Metabolic Alkalosis
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chloride-Responsive
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chloride-Resistant
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Respiratory Response
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Treatment Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Respiratory Acidosis
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Acute vs. Chronic
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Renal Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Treatment Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Respiratory Alkalosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acute vs. Chronic
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Renal Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Treatment Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Mixed Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Compensation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Expected Compensation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Time Course
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Limitations

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