Clinical Chemistry

15.

Organ System Assessment

15.1.

Renal Function Tests

15.1.1.

Glomerular Function

15.1.1.1.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

15.1.1.1.1.

Synthesis and Excretion

15.1.1.1.2.

Clinical Significance

15.1.1.1.3.

15.1.1.2.

Serum Creatinine

15.1.1.2.1.

Production and Excretion

15.1.1.2.2.

Clinical Significance

15.1.1.2.3.

15.1.1.3.

Creatinine Clearance

15.1.1.3.1.

15.1.1.3.2.

Collection Requirements

15.1.1.3.3.

Clinical Significance

15.1.1.4.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

15.1.1.4.1.

Calculation Methods

15.1.1.4.2.

Clinical Utility

15.1.1.4.3.

15.1.1.5.

15.1.1.5.1.

Clinical Utility

15.1.1.5.2.

Advantages over Creatinine

15.1.2.

Tubular Function

15.1.2.1.

15.1.2.1.1.

Physical Examination

15.1.2.1.2.

Chemical Examination

15.1.2.1.3.

Microscopic Examination

15.1.2.2.

Urine Concentration Tests

15.1.2.3.

Fractional Excretion of Sodium

15.1.3.

15.1.3.1.

Types of Proteinuria

15.1.3.2.

Microalbuminuria

15.1.3.3.

Protein/Creatinine Ratio

15.1.4.

Chronic Kidney Disease

15.1.4.1.

15.1.4.2.

Laboratory Monitoring

15.2.

Liver Function Tests

15.2.1.

Hepatocellular Injury

15.2.1.1.

Aminotransferases

15.2.1.1.1.

15.2.1.1.2.

15.2.1.1.3.

15.2.2.

Cholestatic Injury

15.2.2.1.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

15.2.2.1.1.

15.2.2.1.2.

Clinical Significance

15.2.2.2.

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

15.2.2.2.1.

Clinical Significance

15.2.2.3.

5'-Nucleotidase

15.2.2.3.1.

Clinical Significance

15.2.3.

Synthetic Function

15.2.3.1.

15.2.3.1.1.

15.2.3.1.2.

Clinical Significance

15.2.3.2.

Prothrombin Time (PT)

15.2.3.2.1.

Coagulation Factors

15.2.3.2.2.

Clinical Significance

15.2.3.3.

15.2.3.3.1.

Clinical Significance

15.2.4.

Bilirubin Metabolism

15.2.4.1.

15.2.4.1.1.

Conjugated vs. Unconjugated

15.2.4.1.2.

Clinical Significance

15.2.4.2.

15.2.4.2.1.

Clinical Significance

15.2.5.

Liver Disease Patterns

15.2.5.1.

Hepatocellular Pattern

15.2.5.2.

Cholestatic Pattern

15.2.5.3.

15.3.

Cardiac Function Tests

15.3.1.

Cardiac Enzymes

15.3.1.1.

Historical Markers

15.3.1.1.1.

15.3.1.1.2.

15.3.1.2.

Current Markers

15.3.1.2.1.

15.3.1.2.2.

15.3.2.

Natriuretic Peptides

15.3.2.1.

B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

15.3.2.1.1.

15.3.2.1.2.

Clinical Utility

15.3.2.2.

N-Terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP)

15.3.2.2.1.

15.3.2.2.2.

Clinical Utility

15.3.3.

Lipid Risk Factors

15.3.3.1.

Traditional Lipid Panel

15.3.3.2.

Advanced Lipid Testing

15.3.4.

Inflammatory Markers

15.3.4.1.

C-Reactive Protein

15.3.4.2.

15.3.5.

Acute Coronary Syndromes

15.3.5.1.

Diagnostic Criteria

15.3.5.2.

Timing of Markers

15.4.

Pancreatic Function Tests

15.4.1.

Exocrine Function

15.4.1.1.

15.4.1.1.1.

Pancreatic vs. Salivary

15.4.1.1.2.

Clinical Significance

15.4.1.2.

15.4.1.2.1.

Clinical Significance

15.4.1.2.2.

15.4.1.3.

15.4.1.3.1.

15.4.2.

Endocrine Function

15.4.2.1.

Glucose Tolerance

15.4.2.1.1.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

15.4.2.1.2.

Insulin Response

15.4.2.2.

15.4.2.2.1.

Clinical Utility

15.4.3.

Pancreatic Disorders

15.4.3.1.

Acute Pancreatitis

15.4.3.2.

Chronic Pancreatitis

15.4.3.3.

Pancreatic Cancer

15.5.

Thyroid Function Panel

15.5.1.

15.5.1.1.

15.5.1.1.1.

Clinical Utility

15.5.1.1.2.

Reference Ranges

15.5.1.2.

15.5.1.2.1.

Clinical Utility

15.5.1.2.2.

15.5.1.3.

15.5.1.3.1.

Clinical Utility

15.5.1.3.2.

15.5.2.

Secondary Tests

15.5.2.1.

15.5.2.2.

15.5.2.3.

15.5.2.4.

15.5.3.

Thyroid Antibodies

15.5.3.1.

15.5.3.2.

Anti-Thyroglobulin

15.5.3.3.

TSH Receptor Antibodies

15.5.4.

Interpretation Patterns

15.5.4.1.

Primary Hypothyroidism

15.5.4.2.

Primary Hyperthyroidism

15.5.4.3.

Secondary Disorders

15.5.4.4.

Subclinical Disorders

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