Oncogenes and Cancer

9.

Multi-Step Carcinogenesis

9.1.

Clonal Evolution Model

9.1.1.

Initiation Events

9.1.2.

Promotion Phase

9.1.3.

Progression Steps

9.1.4.

Genetic Instability

9.2.

Oncogene Cooperation

9.2.1.

Synergistic Effects

9.2.2.

Complementation Groups

9.2.3.

Examples of Cooperating Mutations

9.3.

Oncogene-Tumor Suppressor Interactions

9.3.1.

Sequential Genetic Events

9.3.2.

Pathways to Malignancy

9.3.3.

Colorectal Cancer Model

9.4.

Genomic Instability

9.4.1.

Chromosomal Instability

9.4.2.

Microsatellite Instability

9.4.3.

DNA Repair Defects

9.4.4.

Mutator Phenotypes

9.5.

Tumor Microenvironment

9.5.1.

Stromal Interactions

9.5.2.

9.5.3.

9.5.4.

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10. Oncogene Discovery and Research Methods