Oncogenes and Cancer
Mutated Proto-Oncogenes
Overexpressed Proto-Oncogenes
Gain-of-Function Concept
Single Allele Sufficiency
Contrast with Tumor Suppressors
Structural Alterations
Functional Consequences
Constitutive Activation
Examples in Ras Proteins
Increased Gene Copy Number
Protein Overproduction
Homogeneously Staining Regions
Double Minutes
Extrachromosomal DNA
BCR-ABL Example
Mechanism of Formation
Transcriptional Activation
Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangements
Viral Integration
Promoter/Enhancer Insertion
Retroviral Activation Mechanisms
DNA Methylation Changes
Histone Modifications
Chromatin Remodeling
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4. Proto-Oncogenes: Normal Cellular Functions
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6. Major Oncogene Families