Neurology

9.

Headache Disorders

9.1.

Classification and Epidemiology

9.1.1.

International Classification of Headache Disorders

9.1.2.

Primary vs. Secondary Headaches

9.1.3.

Epidemiology of Headache Disorders

9.2.

Primary Headache Disorders

9.2.1.

9.2.1.1.

9.2.1.1.1.

Migraine without Aura

9.2.1.1.2.

Migraine with Aura

9.2.1.1.2.1.

Typical Aura with Migraine Headache

9.2.1.1.2.2.

Typical Aura with Non-Headache

9.2.1.1.2.3.

Typical Aura without Headache

9.2.1.1.2.4.

Hemiplegic Migraine

9.2.1.1.2.5.

Retinal Migraine

9.2.1.1.3.

Chronic Migraine

9.2.1.1.4.

Complications of Migraine

9.2.1.1.4.1.

Status Migrainosus

9.2.1.1.4.2.

Persistent Aura without Infarction

9.2.1.1.4.3.

Migrainous Infarction

9.2.1.2.

Pathophysiology

9.2.1.2.1.

Trigeminovascular System

9.2.1.2.2.

Cortical Spreading Depression

9.2.1.2.3.

Neurotransmitter Systems

9.2.1.2.4.

Genetic Factors

9.2.1.3.

Clinical Features

9.2.1.3.1.

Headache Characteristics

9.2.1.3.2.

Associated Symptoms

9.2.1.3.3.

9.2.1.3.4.

9.2.1.4.

9.2.1.4.1.

Clinical Criteria

9.2.1.4.2.

9.2.1.4.3.

Differential Diagnosis

9.2.1.5.

9.2.1.5.1.

Acute Treatment

9.2.1.5.1.1.

Simple Analgesics

9.2.1.5.1.2.

9.2.1.5.1.3.

9.2.1.5.1.4.

Ergot Alkaloids

9.2.1.5.1.5.

9.2.1.5.1.6.

CGRP Receptor Antagonists

9.2.1.5.2.

Preventive Treatment

9.2.1.5.2.1.

9.2.1.5.2.2.

Anticonvulsants

9.2.1.5.2.3.

Antidepressants

9.2.1.5.2.4.

CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies

9.2.1.5.2.5.

Botulinum Toxin

9.2.1.5.3.

Lifestyle Modifications

9.2.1.5.4.

Trigger Avoidance

9.2.2.

Tension-Type Headache

9.2.2.1.

9.2.2.1.1.

Infrequent Episodic TTH

9.2.2.1.2.

Frequent Episodic TTH

9.2.2.1.3.

9.2.2.2.

Pathophysiology

9.2.2.2.1.

Peripheral Mechanisms

9.2.2.2.2.

Central Sensitization

9.2.2.2.3.

Psychological Factors

9.2.2.3.

Clinical Features

9.2.2.3.1.

Headache Characteristics

9.2.2.3.2.

Associated Symptoms

9.2.2.4.

9.2.2.4.1.

Clinical Criteria

9.2.2.4.2.

Differential Diagnosis

9.2.2.5.

9.2.2.5.1.

Acute Treatment

9.2.2.5.2.

Preventive Treatment

9.2.2.5.3.

Non-Pharmacological Approaches

9.2.3.

Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias

9.2.3.1.

Cluster Headache

9.2.3.1.1.

9.2.3.1.1.1.

Episodic Cluster Headache

9.2.3.1.1.2.

Chronic Cluster Headache

9.2.3.1.2.

Pathophysiology

9.2.3.1.2.1.

Hypothalamic Involvement

9.2.3.1.2.2.

Trigeminal-Autonomic Reflex

9.2.3.1.2.3.

Circadian Rhythms

9.2.3.1.3.

Clinical Features

9.2.3.1.3.1.

Headache Characteristics

9.2.3.1.3.2.

Autonomic Features

9.2.3.1.3.3.

Timing Patterns

9.2.3.1.4.

9.2.3.1.4.1.

Clinical Criteria

9.2.3.1.4.2.

Differential Diagnosis

9.2.3.1.5.

9.2.3.1.5.1.

Acute Treatment

9.2.3.1.5.1.1.

High-Flow Oxygen

9.2.3.1.5.1.2.

9.2.3.1.5.2.

Preventive Treatment

9.2.3.1.5.2.1.

9.2.3.1.5.2.2.

9.2.3.1.5.2.3.

9.2.3.1.5.3.

Surgical Options

9.2.3.2.

Paroxysmal Hemicrania

9.2.3.2.1.

Clinical Features

9.2.3.2.2.

9.2.3.2.3.

9.2.3.3.

Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks

9.2.3.3.1.

9.2.3.3.2.

9.2.3.3.3.

Clinical Features

9.2.3.3.4.

9.2.3.3.5.

9.2.3.4.

Hemicrania Continua

9.2.3.4.1.

Clinical Features

9.2.3.4.2.

9.2.3.4.3.

9.2.4.

Other Primary Headaches

9.2.4.1.

Primary Cough Headache

9.2.4.2.

Primary Exercise Headache

9.2.4.3.

Primary Headache Associated with Sexual Activity

9.2.4.4.

Primary Thunderclap Headache

9.2.4.5.

Cold-Stimulus Headache

9.2.4.6.

External-Pressure Headache

9.2.4.7.

Primary Stabbing Headache

9.2.4.8.

Nummular Headache

9.2.4.9.

Hypnic Headache

9.2.4.10.

New Daily Persistent Headache

9.3.

Secondary Headache Disorders

9.3.1.

Headache Attributed to Head and/or Neck Trauma

9.3.1.1.

Acute Post-Traumatic Headache

9.3.1.2.

Chronic Post-Traumatic Headache

9.3.1.3.

Whiplash-Associated Headache

9.3.2.

Headache Attributed to Cranial or Cervical Vascular Disorder

9.3.2.1.

Headache Attributed to Stroke

9.3.2.2.

Headache Attributed to Unruptured Vascular Malformation

9.3.2.3.

Headache Attributed to Arteritis

9.3.2.4.

Headache Attributed to Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

9.3.2.5.

Headache Attributed to Other Vascular Disorders

9.3.3.

Headache Attributed to Non-Vascular Intracranial Disorder

9.3.3.1.

Headache Attributed to High CSF Pressure

9.3.3.1.1.

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

9.3.3.1.2.

Secondary Intracranial Hypertension

9.3.3.2.

Headache Attributed to Low CSF Pressure

9.3.3.2.1.

Post-Lumbar Puncture Headache

9.3.3.2.2.

Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

9.3.3.3.

Headache Attributed to Intracranial Neoplasm

9.3.3.4.

Headache Attributed to Intracranial Infection

9.3.3.5.

Headache Attributed to Other Non-Vascular Intracranial Disorders

9.3.4.

Headache Attributed to a Substance or its Withdrawal

9.3.4.1.

Medication-Overuse Headache

9.3.4.2.

Headache Attributed to Other Substances

9.3.4.3.

Headache Attributed to Substance Withdrawal

9.3.5.

Headache Attributed to Infection

9.3.5.1.

Headache Attributed to Intracranial Infection

9.3.5.2.

Headache Attributed to Systemic Infection

9.3.6.

Headache Attributed to Disorder of Homeostasis

9.3.6.1.

Headache Attributed to Hypoxia

9.3.6.2.

Headache Attributed to Dialysis

9.3.6.3.

Headache Attributed to Arterial Hypertension

9.3.6.4.

Headache Attributed to Hypothyroidism

9.3.6.5.

Headache Attributed to Other Disorders of Homeostasis

9.3.7.

Headache or Facial Pain Attributed to Disorder of Cranium, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, Sinuses, Teeth, Mouth

9.3.7.1.

Headache Attributed to Temporomandibular Disorder

9.3.7.2.

Headache Attributed to Disorder of the Eyes

9.3.7.3.

Headache Attributed to Disorder of the Ears

9.3.7.4.

Headache Attributed to Rhinosinusitis

9.3.7.5.

Headache Attributed to Disorder of Teeth

9.3.8.

Headache Attributed to Psychiatric Disorder

9.4.

Cranial Neuralgias

9.4.1.

Trigeminal Neuralgia

9.4.1.1.

Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia

9.4.1.2.

Secondary Trigeminal Neuralgia

9.4.1.3.

Clinical Features

9.4.1.4.

9.4.1.5.

9.4.1.5.1.

Pharmacological Treatment

9.4.1.5.2.

Surgical Options

9.4.2.

Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia

9.4.3.

Occipital Neuralgia

9.4.4.

Other Cranial Neuralgias

9.5.

Diagnostic Approach

9.5.1.

Red Flags in Headache

9.5.1.1.

9.5.1.2.

9.5.1.3.

Neurological Signs

9.5.1.4.

Onset after Age 50

9.5.1.5.

9.5.2.

Headache History

9.5.3.

Physical Examination

9.5.4.

Diagnostic Testing

9.5.4.1.

Neuroimaging Indications

9.5.4.2.

Lumbar Puncture Indications

9.5.4.3.

Laboratory Studies

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