Neurology

  1. Neurodegenerative Disorders
    1. General Principles
      1. Definition and Classification
        1. Common Pathological Mechanisms
          1. Protein Aggregation
            1. Oxidative Stress
              1. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
                1. Neuroinflammation
                  1. Excitotoxicity
                  2. Genetic Factors
                    1. Environmental Factors
                      1. Biomarkers
                      2. Dementias
                        1. Alzheimer's Disease
                          1. Epidemiology
                            1. Risk Factors
                              1. Age
                                1. Genetics
                                  1. Cardiovascular Risk Factors
                                    1. Education
                                      1. Lifestyle Factors
                                      2. Pathophysiology
                                        1. Amyloid Plaques
                                          1. Neurofibrillary Tangles
                                            1. Neuronal Loss
                                              1. Synaptic Dysfunction
                                              2. Clinical Features
                                                1. Cognitive Symptoms
                                                  1. Memory Impairment
                                                    1. Executive Dysfunction
                                                      1. Language Problems
                                                        1. Visuospatial Deficits
                                                        2. Behavioral Symptoms
                                                          1. Apathy
                                                            1. Depression
                                                              1. Agitation
                                                                1. Psychosis
                                                                2. Functional Decline
                                                                3. Diagnosis
                                                                  1. Clinical Criteria
                                                                    1. Neuropsychological Testing
                                                                      1. Biomarkers
                                                                        1. CSF Biomarkers
                                                                          1. PET Imaging
                                                                            1. Blood Biomarkers
                                                                            2. Differential Diagnosis
                                                                            3. Management
                                                                              1. Pharmacological Treatment
                                                                                1. Cholinesterase Inhibitors
                                                                                  1. NMDA Receptor Antagonists
                                                                                    1. Aducanumab
                                                                                    2. Non-Pharmacological Interventions
                                                                                      1. Behavioral Management
                                                                                        1. Caregiver Support
                                                                                      2. Lewy Body Dementia
                                                                                        1. Dementia with Lewy Bodies
                                                                                          1. Clinical Features
                                                                                            1. Cognitive Fluctuations
                                                                                              1. Visual Hallucinations
                                                                                                1. Parkinsonism
                                                                                                  1. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
                                                                                                  2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                    1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                      1. Management
                                                                                                      2. Parkinson's Disease Dementia
                                                                                                        1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                          1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                            1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                              1. Management
                                                                                                            2. Frontotemporal Dementia
                                                                                                              1. Behavioral Variant FTD
                                                                                                                1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                  1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                    1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                      1. Management
                                                                                                                      2. Primary Progressive Aphasia
                                                                                                                        1. Semantic Variant
                                                                                                                          1. Non-Fluent Variant
                                                                                                                            1. Logopenic Variant
                                                                                                                            2. FTD with Motor Neuron Disease
                                                                                                                            3. Vascular Dementia
                                                                                                                              1. Multi-Infarct Dementia
                                                                                                                                1. Strategic Infarct Dementia
                                                                                                                                  1. Subcortical Vascular Dementia
                                                                                                                                    1. Mixed Dementia
                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                        1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                          1. Management
                                                                                                                                          2. Other Dementias
                                                                                                                                            1. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
                                                                                                                                              1. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
                                                                                                                                                1. Huntington's Disease
                                                                                                                                                  1. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
                                                                                                                                                    1. Corticobasal Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                  2. Movement Disorders
                                                                                                                                                    1. Parkinson's Disease
                                                                                                                                                      1. Epidemiology
                                                                                                                                                        1. Risk Factors
                                                                                                                                                          1. Age
                                                                                                                                                            1. Genetics
                                                                                                                                                              1. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                              2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                1. Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dopaminergic Cell Loss
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lewy Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Non-Motor Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Motor Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bradykinesia
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rigidity
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tremor
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Postural Instability
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Non-Motor Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Autonomic Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sleep Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cognitive Impairment
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Psychiatric Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sensory Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. DaTscan
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Response to Levodopa
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Differential Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pharmacological Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Levodopa
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dopamine Agonists
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. MAO-B Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. COMT Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anticholinergics
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Amantadine
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Surgical Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Deep Brain Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lesional Surgery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Non-Pharmacological Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Physical Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Speech Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Occupational Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Complications Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Motor Fluctuations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dyskinesias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Non-Motor Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Atypical Parkinsonism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Multiple System Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. MSA-P (Parkinsonian Type)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. MSA-C (Cerebellar Type)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Corticobasal Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Dementia with Lewy Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Huntington's Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. CAG Repeat Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anticipation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Genetic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Huntingtin Protein
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Striatal Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cortical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Motor Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chorea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bradykinesia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Cognitive Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Psychiatric Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genetic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Symptomatic Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Genetic Counseling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Supportive Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Primary Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Secondary Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dystonia-Plus Syndromes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Clinical Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Focal Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cervical Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blepharospasm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Writer's Cramp
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Laryngeal Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Segmental Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Generalized Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Botulinum Toxin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Oral Medications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Deep Brain Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Physical Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Essential Tremor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Action Tremor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Postural Tremor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Associated Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Differential Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pharmacological Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Surgical Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lifestyle Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Tourette's Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Motor Tics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Vocal Tics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Associated Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Behavioral Interventions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pharmacological Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Deep Brain Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Motor Neuron Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Epidemiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Risk Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Genetic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Motor Neuron Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Protein Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxidative Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Neuroinflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Upper Motor Neuron Signs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lower Motor Neuron Signs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bulbar Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Respiratory Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cognitive Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. El Escorial Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electrophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biomarkers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Differential Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Disease-Modifying Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Riluzole
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Edaravone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Symptomatic Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Respiratory Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nutritional Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Multidisciplinary Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Primary Lateral Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Progressive Muscular Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Spinal Muscular Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. SMN1 Gene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. SMN2 Gene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Type 1 (Werdnig-Hoffmann)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Type 2 (Intermediate)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Type 3 (Kugelberg-Welander)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Type 4 (Adult Onset)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gene Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Antisense Oligonucleotides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Small Molecule Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Supportive Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ataxias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hereditary Ataxias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Acquired Ataxias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Friedreich's Ataxia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Frataxin Gene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. GAA Repeat Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Iron Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Progressive Ataxia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cardiomyopathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Scoliosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Genetic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Symptomatic Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Experimental Therapies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Spinocerebellar Ataxias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. SCA1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. SCA2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. SCA3 (Machado-Joseph Disease)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. SCA6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. SCA7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Other SCAs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Episodic Ataxias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. EA1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. EA2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Acquired Ataxias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vitamin Deficiencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Paraneoplastic Ataxia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Immune-Mediated Ataxias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Toxic Ataxias

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          6. Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          8. Demyelinating and Inflammatory Diseases