Neurology

18.

Sleep Disorders

18.1.

18.1.1.

Sleep Architecture

18.1.1.1.

18.1.1.1.1.

18.1.1.1.2.

18.1.1.1.3.

18.1.1.2.

18.1.2.

Sleep Regulation

18.1.2.1.

Circadian Rhythms

18.1.2.2.

Homeostatic Drive

18.1.2.3.

Neurotransmitter Systems

18.1.3.

Sleep Changes with Age

18.2.

18.2.1.

18.2.1.1.

18.2.1.2.

Chronic Insomnia

18.2.1.3.

Primary Insomnia

18.2.1.4.

Secondary Insomnia

18.2.2.

18.2.2.1.

Psychological Factors

18.2.2.2.

Medical Conditions

18.2.2.3.

18.2.2.4.

18.2.2.5.

Environmental Factors

18.2.3.

Clinical Features

18.2.3.1.

Difficulty Falling Asleep

18.2.3.2.

Difficulty Staying Asleep

18.2.3.3.

Early Morning Awakening

18.2.3.4.

Non-Restorative Sleep

18.2.3.5.

Daytime Consequences

18.2.4.

18.2.4.1.

18.2.4.2.

18.2.4.3.

18.2.4.4.

Polysomnography

18.2.5.

18.2.5.1.

18.2.5.2.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

18.2.5.3.

Pharmacological Treatment

18.2.5.3.1.

Benzodiazepines

18.2.5.3.2.

Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotics

18.2.5.3.3.

Melatonin Receptor Agonists

18.2.5.3.4.

Orexin Receptor Antagonists

18.3.

Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

18.3.1.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

18.3.1.1.

Pathophysiology

18.3.1.1.1.

Upper Airway Collapse

18.3.1.1.2.

Respiratory Effort

18.3.1.1.3.

Arousal Response

18.3.1.2.

18.3.1.2.1.

18.3.1.2.2.

Anatomical Factors

18.3.1.2.3.

18.3.1.2.4.

18.3.1.2.5.

18.3.1.3.

Clinical Features

18.3.1.3.1.

18.3.1.3.2.

Witnessed Apneas

18.3.1.3.3.

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness

18.3.1.3.4.

Morning Headaches

18.3.1.3.5.

Cognitive Impairment

18.3.1.4.

18.3.1.4.1.

Clinical Assessment

18.3.1.4.2.

Polysomnography

18.3.1.4.3.

Home Sleep Testing

18.3.1.4.4.

Apnea-Hypopnea Index

18.3.1.5.

18.3.1.5.1.

Lifestyle Modifications

18.3.1.5.2.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

18.3.1.5.3.

Oral Appliances

18.3.1.5.4.

Surgical Options

18.3.1.5.5.

Positional Therapy

18.3.1.6.

18.3.1.6.1.

Cardiovascular Disease

18.3.1.6.2.

Metabolic Disorders

18.3.1.6.3.

Neurocognitive Impairment

18.3.2.

Central Sleep Apnea

18.3.2.1.

Pathophysiology

18.3.2.1.1.

Central Respiratory Drive

18.3.2.1.2.

Chemoreceptor Sensitivity

18.3.2.2.

18.3.2.2.1.

Primary Central Sleep Apnea

18.3.2.2.2.

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing

18.3.2.2.3.

Treatment-Emergent Central Sleep Apnea

18.3.2.3.

Clinical Features

18.3.2.4.

18.3.2.5.

18.3.2.5.1.

Adaptive Servo-Ventilation

18.3.2.5.2.

18.3.2.5.3.

18.3.2.5.4.

18.3.3.

Sleep-Related Hypoventilation

18.3.3.1.

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

18.3.3.2.

Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

18.3.3.3.

Drug-Induced Hypoventilation

18.4.

Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence

18.4.1.

18.4.1.1.

Type 1 Narcolepsy

18.4.1.1.1.

Pathophysiology

18.4.1.1.1.1.

Hypocretin Deficiency

18.4.1.1.1.2.

Autoimmune Destruction

18.4.1.1.2.

Clinical Features

18.4.1.1.2.1.

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness

18.4.1.1.2.2.

18.4.1.1.2.3.

Sleep Paralysis

18.4.1.1.2.4.

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

18.4.1.1.2.5.

Disrupted Nighttime Sleep

18.4.1.1.3.

18.4.1.1.3.1.

Multiple Sleep Latency Test

18.4.1.1.3.2.

CSF Hypocretin-1

18.4.1.1.3.3.

18.4.1.1.4.

18.4.1.1.4.1.

18.4.1.1.4.2.

18.4.1.1.4.3.

Antidepressants

18.4.1.1.4.4.

Behavioral Interventions

18.4.1.2.

Type 2 Narcolepsy

18.4.1.2.1.

Clinical Features

18.4.1.2.2.

18.4.1.2.3.

18.4.2.

Idiopathic Hypersomnia

18.4.2.1.

Clinical Features

18.4.2.2.

18.4.2.3.

18.4.3.

Kleine-Levin Syndrome

18.4.3.1.

Clinical Features

18.4.3.2.

18.4.3.3.

18.5.

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders

18.5.1.

Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder

18.5.2.

Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder

18.5.3.

Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder

18.5.4.

Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder

18.5.5.

Shift Work Sleep Disorder

18.5.6.

Jet Lag Disorder

18.5.7.

Clinical Features

18.5.8.

18.5.9.

18.5.9.1.

18.5.9.2.

18.5.9.3.

18.5.9.4.

Behavioral Interventions

18.6.

18.6.1.

NREM Sleep Parasomnias

18.6.1.1.

18.6.1.1.1.

Clinical Features

18.6.1.1.2.

18.6.1.1.3.

18.6.1.2.

18.6.1.2.1.

Clinical Features

18.6.1.2.2.

Differential Diagnosis

18.6.1.2.3.

18.6.1.3.

Confusional Arousals

18.6.1.3.1.

Clinical Features

18.6.1.3.2.

18.6.2.

REM Sleep Parasomnias

18.6.2.1.

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

18.6.2.1.1.

Pathophysiology

18.6.2.1.1.1.

REM Sleep Atonia Loss

18.6.2.1.1.2.

Brainstem Pathology

18.6.2.1.2.

Clinical Features

18.6.2.1.2.1.

Dream Enactment

18.6.2.1.2.2.

Violent Behaviors

18.6.2.1.2.3.

18.6.2.1.3.

Association with Neurodegenerative Diseases

18.6.2.1.3.1.

Parkinson's Disease

18.6.2.1.3.2.

Lewy Body Dementia

18.6.2.1.3.3.

Multiple System Atrophy

18.6.2.1.4.

18.6.2.1.4.1.

Polysomnography

18.6.2.1.4.2.

Video Monitoring

18.6.2.1.5.

18.6.2.1.5.1.

18.6.2.1.5.2.

18.6.2.1.5.3.

Safety Measures

18.6.2.2.

Nightmare Disorder

18.6.2.2.1.

Clinical Features

18.6.2.2.2.

18.6.2.2.3.

18.6.2.3.

Sleep Paralysis

18.6.2.3.1.

Clinical Features

18.6.2.3.2.

Associated Conditions

18.6.2.3.3.

18.6.3.

Other Parasomnias

18.6.3.1.

Sleep-Related Eating Disorder

18.6.3.2.

18.6.3.3.

Sleep-Related Hallucinations

18.7.

Sleep-Related Movement Disorders

18.7.1.

Restless Legs Syndrome

18.7.1.1.

Pathophysiology

18.7.1.1.1.

Iron Deficiency

18.7.1.1.2.

Dopaminergic Dysfunction

18.7.1.2.

Clinical Features

18.7.1.2.1.

Uncomfortable Sensations

18.7.1.2.2.

18.7.1.2.3.

Circadian Pattern

18.7.1.2.4.

Sleep Disturbance

18.7.1.3.

18.7.1.3.1.

Clinical Criteria

18.7.1.3.2.

Suggested Immobilization Test

18.7.1.3.3.

Polysomnography

18.7.1.4.

18.7.1.4.1.

Iron Supplementation

18.7.1.4.2.

Dopamine Agonists

18.7.1.4.3.

Alpha-2-Delta Ligands

18.7.1.4.4.

Lifestyle Modifications

18.7.2.

Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

18.7.2.1.

Clinical Features

18.7.2.2.

18.7.2.3.

18.7.3.

Sleep-Related Leg Cramps

18.7.4.

Sleep-Related Bruxism

18.7.5.

Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder

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