Neurology

  1. Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders
    1. Basic Concepts
      1. Definitions
        1. Seizure
          1. Epilepsy
            1. Epilepsy Syndrome
              1. Status Epilepticus
              2. Epidemiology
                1. Incidence and Prevalence
                  1. Age Distribution
                    1. Geographic Variations
                    2. Etiology
                      1. Genetic Factors
                        1. Structural Abnormalities
                          1. Metabolic Causes
                            1. Infectious Causes
                              1. Unknown Causes
                            2. Seizure Classification
                              1. Focal Onset Seizures
                                1. Aware Focal Seizures
                                  1. Motor Onset
                                    1. Automatisms
                                      1. Atonic
                                        1. Clonic
                                          1. Epileptic Spasms
                                            1. Hyperkinetic
                                              1. Myoclonic
                                                1. Tonic
                                                2. Non-Motor Onset
                                                  1. Autonomic
                                                    1. Behavior Arrest
                                                      1. Cognitive
                                                        1. Emotional
                                                          1. Sensory
                                                        2. Impaired Awareness Focal Seizures
                                                          1. Motor Onset
                                                            1. Non-Motor Onset
                                                            2. Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic Seizures
                                                            3. Generalized Onset Seizures
                                                              1. Motor Seizures
                                                                1. Tonic-Clonic Seizures
                                                                  1. Clonic Seizures
                                                                    1. Tonic Seizures
                                                                      1. Myoclonic Seizures
                                                                        1. Myoclonic-Tonic-Clonic Seizures
                                                                          1. Myoclonic-Atonic Seizures
                                                                            1. Atonic Seizures
                                                                              1. Epileptic Spasms
                                                                              2. Non-Motor Seizures
                                                                                1. Absence Seizures
                                                                                  1. Typical Absence
                                                                                    1. Atypical Absence
                                                                                      1. Myoclonic Absence
                                                                                        1. Eyelid Myoclonia
                                                                                    2. Unknown Onset Seizures
                                                                                      1. Motor Seizures
                                                                                        1. Non-Motor Seizures
                                                                                          1. Unclassified Seizures
                                                                                        2. Epilepsy Syndromes
                                                                                          1. Neonatal and Infantile Syndromes
                                                                                            1. Benign Familial Neonatal Epilepsy
                                                                                              1. Early Myoclonic Encephalopathy
                                                                                                1. Ohtahara Syndrome
                                                                                                  1. West Syndrome
                                                                                                    1. Dravet Syndrome
                                                                                                    2. Childhood Syndromes
                                                                                                      1. Childhood Absence Epilepsy
                                                                                                        1. Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes
                                                                                                          1. Panayiotopoulos Syndrome
                                                                                                            1. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
                                                                                                              1. Landau-Kleffner Syndrome
                                                                                                                1. Continuous Spike-Wave in Sleep
                                                                                                                2. Adolescent and Adult Syndromes
                                                                                                                  1. Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
                                                                                                                    1. Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
                                                                                                                      1. Epilepsy with Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Alone
                                                                                                                        1. Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies
                                                                                                                          1. Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
                                                                                                                          2. Structural/Metabolic Syndromes
                                                                                                                            1. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
                                                                                                                              1. Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                1. Lateral Temporal Epilepsy
                                                                                                                                2. Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
                                                                                                                                  1. Parietal Lobe Epilepsy
                                                                                                                                    1. Occipital Lobe Epilepsy
                                                                                                                                  2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                    1. Cellular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                      1. Neuronal Hyperexcitability
                                                                                                                                        1. Ion Channel Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                          1. Neurotransmitter Imbalance
                                                                                                                                            1. Synaptic Plasticity
                                                                                                                                            2. Network Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                              1. Synchronization
                                                                                                                                                1. Propagation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Termination
                                                                                                                                                  2. Epileptogenesis
                                                                                                                                                    1. Acute Symptomatic Seizures
                                                                                                                                                      1. Latent Period
                                                                                                                                                        1. Chronic Epilepsy
                                                                                                                                                          1. Progression
                                                                                                                                                        2. Diagnosis and Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical History
                                                                                                                                                            1. Seizure Description
                                                                                                                                                              1. Precipitating Factors
                                                                                                                                                                1. Aura
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Postictal State
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Family History
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Developmental History
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Physical Examination
                                                                                                                                                                        1. General Examination
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Neurological Examination
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Skin Examination
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Electroencephalography
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Routine EEG
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sleep-Deprived EEG
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ambulatory EEG
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Video-EEG Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Interictal Findings
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ictal Findings
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Neuroimaging
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. MRI Protocol
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structural Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functional Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. PET
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. SPECT
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. fMRI
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Laboratory Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Routine Blood Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Genetic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Metabolic Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Differential Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Syncope
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Movement Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sleep Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Migraine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Psychiatric Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anti-Seizure Medications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sodium Channel Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Calcium Channel Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. GABA Enhancers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Glutamate Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Multiple Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. First-Generation ASMs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Phenytoin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Carbamazepine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Valproic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Phenobarbital
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Primidone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ethosuximide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Second-Generation ASMs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lamotrigine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Levetiracetam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxcarbazepine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Topiramate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gabapentin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pregabalin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tiagabine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vigabatin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Felbamate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Zonisamide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Third-Generation ASMs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lacosamide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Eslicarbazepine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Perampanel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Brivaracetam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cenobamate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Drug Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seizure Type Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Syndrome Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Patient Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Side Effect Profiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Efficacy Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Side Effect Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Drug Level Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drug Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Surgical Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Presurgical Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seizure Localization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Language Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Memory Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Psychiatric Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Surgical Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Temporal Lobectomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Extratemporal Resections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hemispherectomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Corpus Callosotomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Multiple Subpial Transections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Seizure Freedom Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quality of Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Neuromodulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vagus Nerve Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Indications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Efficacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Side Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Responsive Neurostimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Patient Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Outcomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Deep Brain Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Targets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Efficacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ketogenic Diet
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Indications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Implementation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Side Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Status Epilepticus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Definition and Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Convulsive Status Epilepticus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Refractory Status Epilepticus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Failure of Seizure Termination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pharmacoresistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neuronal Injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Convulsive SE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Non-Convulsive SE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Focal SE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Emergency Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Initial Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. First-Line Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Benzodiazepines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Second-Line Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Phenytoin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Valproic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Levetiracetam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Third-Line Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anesthetic Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Intensive Care Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Systemic Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Neurological Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Long-Term Sequelae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Special Populations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Women with Epilepsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hormonal Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Contraception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pregnancy Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pregnancy Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Breastfeeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Elderly Patients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Drug Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Comorbidities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pediatric Epilepsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Age-Specific Syndromes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Developmental Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Educational Issues

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5. Cerebrovascular Diseases

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7. Neurodegenerative Disorders