Neurology

  1. Diagnostic Procedures in Neurology
    1. Neuroimaging
      1. Computed Tomography
        1. Basic Principles
          1. X-ray Attenuation
            1. Hounsfield Units
            2. CT Techniques
              1. Non-contrast CT
                1. Contrast-Enhanced CT
                  1. CT Perfusion
                  2. Indications
                    1. Acute Stroke
                      1. Head Trauma
                        1. Hemorrhage Detection
                          1. Bone Pathology
                          2. Interpretation
                            1. Normal Anatomy
                              1. Pathological Findings
                                1. Artifacts
                                2. Limitations
                                3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                                  1. Basic Principles
                                    1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
                                      1. Relaxation Times
                                        1. Pulse Sequences
                                        2. MRI Sequences
                                          1. T1-Weighted Imaging
                                            1. Characteristics
                                              1. Clinical Applications
                                              2. T2-Weighted Imaging
                                                1. Characteristics
                                                  1. Clinical Applications
                                                  2. FLAIR Imaging
                                                    1. Principles
                                                      1. Clinical Applications
                                                      2. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
                                                        1. Principles
                                                          1. Stroke Applications
                                                            1. Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
                                                            2. Gradient Echo Imaging
                                                              1. Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging
                                                                1. Hemorrhage Detection
                                                                2. Proton Density Imaging
                                                                3. Contrast Agents
                                                                  1. Gadolinium-Based Agents
                                                                    1. Indications
                                                                      1. Contraindications
                                                                      2. Advanced MRI Techniques
                                                                        1. Diffusion Tensor Imaging
                                                                          1. White Matter Tractography
                                                                            1. Fractional Anisotropy
                                                                            2. Functional MRI
                                                                              1. BOLD Signal
                                                                                1. Task-Based fMRI
                                                                                  1. Resting-State fMRI
                                                                                  2. MR Spectroscopy
                                                                                    1. Metabolite Analysis
                                                                                      1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                      2. Perfusion MRI
                                                                                        1. Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast
                                                                                          1. Arterial Spin Labeling
                                                                                        2. Safety Considerations
                                                                                          1. Contraindications
                                                                                            1. Screening Procedures
                                                                                          2. Angiography
                                                                                            1. CT Angiography
                                                                                              1. Technique
                                                                                                1. Indications
                                                                                                  1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                  2. MR Angiography
                                                                                                    1. Time-of-Flight MRA
                                                                                                      1. Phase-Contrast MRA
                                                                                                        1. Contrast-Enhanced MRA
                                                                                                          1. Indications
                                                                                                          2. Digital Subtraction Angiography
                                                                                                            1. Technique
                                                                                                              1. Indications
                                                                                                                1. Complications
                                                                                                                  1. Therapeutic Applications
                                                                                                                2. Nuclear Medicine Imaging
                                                                                                                  1. Positron Emission Tomography
                                                                                                                    1. Basic Principles
                                                                                                                      1. Radiopharmaceuticals
                                                                                                                        1. FDG-PET
                                                                                                                          1. Amyloid PET
                                                                                                                            1. Tau PET
                                                                                                                              1. Dopamine Transporter PET
                                                                                                                              2. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                1. Dementia Evaluation
                                                                                                                                  1. Epilepsy
                                                                                                                                    1. Brain Tumors
                                                                                                                                      1. Movement Disorders
                                                                                                                                    2. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
                                                                                                                                      1. Basic Principles
                                                                                                                                        1. Radiopharmaceuticals
                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                            1. Cerebral Perfusion
                                                                                                                                              1. Dopamine Transporter Imaging
                                                                                                                                        2. Electrophysiological Studies
                                                                                                                                          1. Electroencephalography
                                                                                                                                            1. Basic Principles
                                                                                                                                              1. Electrical Activity of the Brain
                                                                                                                                                1. Electrode Placement
                                                                                                                                                  1. 10-20 System
                                                                                                                                                  2. Normal EEG Patterns
                                                                                                                                                    1. Alpha Rhythm
                                                                                                                                                      1. Beta Rhythm
                                                                                                                                                        1. Theta Rhythm
                                                                                                                                                          1. Delta Rhythm
                                                                                                                                                            1. Sleep Patterns
                                                                                                                                                            2. Abnormal EEG Patterns
                                                                                                                                                              1. Epileptiform Discharges
                                                                                                                                                                1. Spikes
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sharp Waves
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spike-and-Wave Complexes
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Focal Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Generalized Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Periodic Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Special EEG Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Video-EEG Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ambulatory EEG
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Intraoperative EEG
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Depth Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Epilepsy Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seizure Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Encephalopathy Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Brain Death Determination
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nerve Conduction Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Basic Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Motor Nerve Conduction
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Compound Muscle Action Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Conduction Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distal Latency
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Amplitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Sensory Nerve Conduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sensory Nerve Action Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Conduction Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Amplitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. F-Wave Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. H-Reflex Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Repetitive Nerve Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Electromyography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Basic Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Needle EMG Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Normal Muscle Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Insertional Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spontaneous Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Motor Unit Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Abnormal EMG Findings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Denervation Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fibrillation Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Positive Sharp Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fasciculation Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Myopathic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Small Motor Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Early Recruitment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Peripheral Neuropathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Radiculopathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Myopathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Motor Neuron Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Evoked Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Visual Evoked Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Normal Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Abnormal Findings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Normal Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Abnormal Findings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Normal Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Abnormal Findings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Motor Evoked Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lumbar Puncture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Indications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Suspected Meningitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multiple Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pseudotumor Cerebri
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Contraindications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Increased Intracranial Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Coagulopathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Local Infection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Patient Positioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anatomical Landmarks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Needle Insertion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pressure Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Post-Lumbar Puncture Headache
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bleeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Infection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Herniation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. CSF Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Appearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Turbid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bloody
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Xanthochromic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cell Count and Differential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. White Blood Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Red Blood Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cell Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Protein Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Total Protein
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Albumin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. IgG
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Oligoclonal Bands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Glucose Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. CSF Glucose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CSF/Serum Glucose Ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Microbiological Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gram Stain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bacterial Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Viral PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fungal Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Acid-Fast Stain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Special Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cytology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flow Cytometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Biomarkers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Tissue Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Muscle Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Indications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Suspected Myopathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Inflammatory Muscle Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Metabolic Myopathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Open Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Needle Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Histological Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Routine Staining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enzyme Histochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Immunohistochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pathological Findings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Myopathic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Neurogenic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Inflammatory Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metabolic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nerve Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Indications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Suspected Vasculitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Amyloidosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Atypical Neuropathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sural Nerve Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Superficial Peroneal Nerve Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Histological Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Light Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Teased Fiber Preparations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pathological Findings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Axonal Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Demyelination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Inflammatory Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Amyloid Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Brain Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Indications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Suspected CNS Vasculitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Atypical Brain Lesions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Suspected Prion Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stereotactic Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Open Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Histological Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Routine Staining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Immunohistochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Special Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pathological Findings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Inflammatory Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Neoplastic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Infectious Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Degenerative Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Neuropsychological Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cognitive Domains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Attention and Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Verbal Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Visual Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Working Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Language
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Comprehension
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Writing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Visuospatial Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Executive Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Problem Solving
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cognitive Flexibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Processing Speed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Motor Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Test Batteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Comprehensive Batteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Halstead-Reitan Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Luria-Nebraska Battery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Screening Batteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mini-Mental State Examination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Montreal Cognitive Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Domain-Specific Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wechsler Memory Scale
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Boston Naming Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trail Making Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Normative Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Age and Education Corrections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pattern Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Correlation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              5. Cerebrovascular Diseases