Neurology

  1. Foundations of Clinical Neuroscience
    1. Neuroanatomy
      1. Central Nervous System
        1. The Brain
          1. Gross Anatomy of the Brain
            1. Brain Weight and Volume
              1. Major Divisions
                1. Orientation and Anatomical Planes
                2. Cerebral Hemispheres
                  1. Surface Anatomy
                    1. Gyri
                      1. Sulci
                        1. Fissures
                        2. Functional Areas
                          1. Primary Motor Cortex
                            1. Primary Sensory Cortex
                              1. Association Areas
                                1. Language Areas
                              2. Lobes of the Brain
                                1. Frontal Lobe
                                  1. Prefrontal Cortex
                                    1. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
                                      1. Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
                                        1. Orbitofrontal Cortex
                                        2. Primary Motor Cortex
                                          1. Premotor Cortex
                                            1. Supplementary Motor Area
                                              1. Broca's Area
                                                1. Frontal Eye Fields
                                                2. Parietal Lobe
                                                  1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
                                                    1. Secondary Somatosensory Areas
                                                      1. Posterior Parietal Cortex
                                                        1. Spatial Processing Areas
                                                          1. Angular Gyrus
                                                            1. Supramarginal Gyrus
                                                            2. Temporal Lobe
                                                              1. Primary Auditory Cortex
                                                                1. Secondary Auditory Areas
                                                                  1. Wernicke's Area
                                                                    1. Superior Temporal Gyrus
                                                                      1. Middle Temporal Gyrus
                                                                        1. Inferior Temporal Gyrus
                                                                          1. Memory Structures
                                                                            1. Hippocampus
                                                                              1. Parahippocampal Gyrus
                                                                                1. Entorhinal Cortex
                                                                              2. Occipital Lobe
                                                                                1. Primary Visual Cortex
                                                                                  1. Secondary Visual Areas
                                                                                    1. Visual Association Areas
                                                                                    2. Insular Cortex
                                                                                      1. Anatomy
                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                      2. Subcortical Structures
                                                                                        1. Basal Ganglia
                                                                                          1. Striatum
                                                                                            1. Caudate Nucleus
                                                                                              1. Putamen
                                                                                              2. Globus Pallidus
                                                                                                1. External Segment
                                                                                                  1. Internal Segment
                                                                                                  2. Subthalamic Nucleus
                                                                                                    1. Substantia Nigra
                                                                                                      1. Pars Compacta
                                                                                                        1. Pars Reticulata
                                                                                                        2. Function in Movement Control
                                                                                                          1. Basal Ganglia Circuits
                                                                                                          2. Thalamus
                                                                                                            1. Thalamic Nuclei
                                                                                                              1. Anterior Nuclear Group
                                                                                                                1. Medial Nuclear Group
                                                                                                                  1. Lateral Nuclear Group
                                                                                                                    1. Intralaminar Nuclei
                                                                                                                      1. Reticular Nucleus
                                                                                                                      2. Sensory Relay Functions
                                                                                                                        1. Motor Relay Functions
                                                                                                                          1. Limbic Connections
                                                                                                                          2. Hypothalamus
                                                                                                                            1. Hypothalamic Nuclei
                                                                                                                              1. Paraventricular Nucleus
                                                                                                                                1. Supraoptic Nucleus
                                                                                                                                  1. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
                                                                                                                                    1. Arcuate Nucleus
                                                                                                                                    2. Endocrine Regulation
                                                                                                                                      1. Autonomic Regulation
                                                                                                                                        1. Circadian Rhythms
                                                                                                                                          1. Temperature Regulation
                                                                                                                                        2. Limbic System
                                                                                                                                          1. Amygdala
                                                                                                                                            1. Nuclei of the Amygdala
                                                                                                                                              1. Fear Processing
                                                                                                                                                1. Emotional Memory
                                                                                                                                                2. Hippocampus
                                                                                                                                                  1. Hippocampal Formation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Memory Formation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Spatial Navigation
                                                                                                                                                      2. Cingulate Cortex
                                                                                                                                                        1. Anterior Cingulate
                                                                                                                                                          1. Posterior Cingulate
                                                                                                                                                            1. Emotional Processing
                                                                                                                                                            2. Fornix
                                                                                                                                                              1. Mammillary Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                1. Septal Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                2. Brainstem
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Midbrain
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tectum
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Superior Colliculus
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Inferior Colliculus
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Tegmentum
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cerebral Peduncles
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cranial Nerve Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oculomotor Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Trochlear Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Substantia Nigra
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Red Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Periaqueductal Gray
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pons
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pontine Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cranial Nerve Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trigeminal Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Abducens Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Facial Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Vestibulocochlear Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Respiratory Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Locus Coeruleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Medulla Oblongata
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pyramids
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Decussation of Pyramids
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Olivary Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cranial Nerve Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Glossopharyngeal Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vagus Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Accessory Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hypoglossal Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cardiovascular Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Respiratory Centers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reticular Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cerebellum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cerebellar Cortex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Molecular Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Purkinje Cell Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Granular Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dentate Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Interposed Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fastigial Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Functional Divisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vermis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Paravermis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lateral Hemispheres
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cerebellar Peduncles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Role in Motor Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Role in Cognitive Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. The Spinal Cord
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gross Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spinal Segments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cervical Segments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thoracic Segments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lumbar Segments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sacral Segments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Coccygeal Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Spinal Enlargements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cervical Enlargement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lumbar Enlargement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Conus Medullaris
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cauda Equina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Internal Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gray Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dorsal Horn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ventral Horn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Intermediate Zone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Central Canal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Laminar Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. White Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dorsal Columns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lateral Columns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ventral Columns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Ascending Tracts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fasciculus Gracilis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fasciculus Cuneatus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Spinothalamic Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Spinocerebellar Tracts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Spinoreticular Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spinomesencephalic Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Descending Tracts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Corticospinal Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lateral Corticospinal Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anterior Corticospinal Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Corticobulbar Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rubrospinal Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reticulospinal Tracts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vestibulospinal Tracts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tectospinal Tract
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ventricular Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lateral Ventricles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Frontal Horn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Atrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Occipital Horn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temporal Horn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Third Ventricle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cerebral Aqueduct
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fourth Ventricle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Choroid Plexus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. CSF Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rate of Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. CSF Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flow Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Subarachnoid Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. CSF Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Arachnoid Granulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Venous Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Meninges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dura Mater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Periosteal Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Meningeal Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dural Reflections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Falx Cerebri
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tentorium Cerebelli
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Falx Cerebelli
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Diaphragma Sellae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Arachnoid Mater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Arachnoid Barrier Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Arachnoid Trabeculae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pia Mater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Adherence to Brain Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Blood Vessel Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Meningeal Spaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Epidural Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Subdural Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Subarachnoid Space
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Peripheral Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cranial Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Olfactory Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Optic Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Visual Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Oculomotor Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Trochlear Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Trigeminal Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Divisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ophthalmic Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Maxillary Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mandibular Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Abducens Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Facial Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Motor Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sensory Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Parasympathetic Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cochlear Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vestibular Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Vagus Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Accessory Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Hypoglossal Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Spinal Nerves and Plexuses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spinal Nerve Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dorsal Root
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ventral Root
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spinal Nerve Proper
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rami
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cervical Plexus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Major Branches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Innervation Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Brachial Plexus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Divisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Roots
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Trunks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Divisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cords
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Terminal Branches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Major Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Musculocutaneous Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Axillary Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Radial Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Median Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ulnar Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Lumbar Plexus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Major Branches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Femoral Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Obturator Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Sacral Plexus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Major Branches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sciatic Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pudendal Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Superior Gluteal Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Inferior Gluteal Nerve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Dermatomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cervical Dermatomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Thoracic Dermatomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lumbar Dermatomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sacral Dermatomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Myotomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cervical Myotomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lumbar Myotomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sacral Myotomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Autonomic Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sympathetic Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sympathetic Chain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Prevertebral Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Adrenal Medulla
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cardiovascular Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Respiratory Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pupillary Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Parasympathetic Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cranial Parasympathetic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sacral Parasympathetic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cardiovascular Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Digestive Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pupillary Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Glandular Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Enteric Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Vascular Supply of the Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Arterial Supply to the Brain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carotid System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Common Carotid Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Internal Carotid Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cervical Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Petrous Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cavernous Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Supraclinoid Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. External Carotid Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Vertebrobasilar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vertebral Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Basilar Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Superior Cerebellar Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Major Cerebral Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anterior Cerebral Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. A1 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. A2 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Territory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Middle Cerebral Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. M1 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. M2 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. M3 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. M4 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Territory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Posterior Cerebral Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. P1 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. P2 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. P3 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. P4 Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Territory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Circle of Willis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anterior Communicating Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Posterior Communicating Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Anatomical Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Collateral Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aneurysm Predilection Sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Venous Drainage of the Brain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Superficial Venous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Superior Sagittal Sinus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Inferior Sagittal Sinus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Straight Sinus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Transverse Sinuses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sigmoid Sinuses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Confluence of Sinuses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Deep Venous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Internal Cerebral Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vein of Galen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Basal Vein of Rosenthal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cavernous Sinus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Spinal Cord Vascular Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Arterial Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anterior Spinal Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Posterior Spinal Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Radicular Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Artery of Adamkiewicz
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Venous Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anterior Spinal Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Posterior Spinal Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Radicular Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Neurophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cellular Neuroscience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. The Neuron
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Neuron Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cell Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dendrites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Axon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Synaptic Terminals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Types of Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Multipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Unipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pseudounipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Neuron Classification by Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sensory Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Motor Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Interneurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Glial Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Astrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Blood-Brain Barrier Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neurotransmitter Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metabolic Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Oligodendrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Myelin Formation in CNS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Microglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Immune Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Activation States
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Schwann Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Myelin Formation in PNS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wallerian Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ependymal Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. CSF Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Membrane Physiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resting Membrane Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ion Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sodium-Potassium Pump
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Equilibrium Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Action Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sodium Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Potassium Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Calcium Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Action Potential Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Depolarization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Repolarization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hyperpolarization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Threshold and All-or-None Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Refractory Periods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Absolute Refractory Period
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Relative Refractory Period
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Nerve Conduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Passive Conduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Active Conduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Saltatory Conduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Factors Affecting Conduction Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Axon Diameter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Myelination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Synaptic Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chemical Synapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Presynaptic Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Calcium Influx
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vesicle Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neurotransmitter Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Synaptic Cleft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Postsynaptic Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Receptor Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ion Channel Opening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Postsynaptic Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Synaptic Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Temporal Summation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spatial Summation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Electrical Synapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gap Junctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Connexins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functional Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Synaptic Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Short-term Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Facilitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Long-term Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Long-term Potentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Long-term Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mechanisms of Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Presynaptic Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Postsynaptic Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Neurotransmitter Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Excitatory Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Glutamate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Receptor Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. AMPA Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. NMDA Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Kainate Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Acetylcholine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Receptor Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nicotinic Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Muscarinic Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. GABA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Receptor Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. GABA-A Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. GABA-B Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Glycine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Monoamine Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dopamine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Receptor Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nigrostriatal Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mesolimbic Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mesocortical Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tuberoinfundibular Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Norepinephrine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Serotonin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Synthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Receptor Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Neuropeptides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Substance P
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Endorphins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neuropeptide Y
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Neural Circuits and Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reflex Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Monosynaptic Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stretch Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Polysynaptic Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Withdrawal Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Crossed Extensor Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Central Pattern Generators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Locomotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Breathing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chewing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sensory Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Receptive Fields
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lateral Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Feature Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Motor Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Motor Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Motor Pools
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Motor Control Hierarchies

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Introduction to Neurology

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. The Neurological Examination