Molecular Biology

  1. Translation
    1. The Genetic Code
      1. Codon Structure
        1. Code Properties
          1. Degeneracy
            1. Wobble Base Pairing
              1. Reading Frame
              2. Start and Stop Codons
                1. Code Universality and Exceptions
                2. Translation Machinery
                  1. Ribosomes
                    1. Ribosome Structure
                      1. Small Subunit
                        1. Large Subunit
                          1. Ribosomal RNA
                            1. Ribosomal Proteins
                            2. Functional Sites
                              1. A Site
                                1. P Site
                                  1. E Site
                                  2. Ribosome Assembly
                                  3. Transfer RNA
                                    1. tRNA Structure
                                      1. Cloverleaf Secondary Structure
                                        1. L-shaped Tertiary Structure
                                          1. Anticodon Loop
                                            1. Acceptor Stem
                                            2. Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
                                              1. Enzyme Specificity
                                                1. Charging Mechanism
                                                  1. Proofreading
                                                2. Translation Factors
                                                  1. Initiation Factors
                                                    1. Elongation Factors
                                                      1. Release Factors
                                                    2. Translation Process
                                                      1. Initiation
                                                        1. Ribosome Binding
                                                          1. Start Codon Recognition
                                                            1. Initiation Complex Assembly
                                                            2. Elongation
                                                              1. Aminoacyl-tRNA Delivery
                                                                1. Peptide Bond Formation
                                                                  1. Translocation
                                                                    1. Elongation Cycle
                                                                    2. Termination
                                                                      1. Stop Codon Recognition
                                                                        1. Peptide Release
                                                                          1. Ribosome Recycling
                                                                        2. Post-translational Modifications
                                                                          1. Phosphorylation
                                                                            1. Glycosylation
                                                                              1. Acetylation
                                                                                1. Methylation
                                                                                  1. Ubiquitination
                                                                                    1. Proteolytic Cleavage
                                                                                      1. Lipidation
                                                                                      2. Protein Targeting
                                                                                        1. Signal Sequences
                                                                                          1. Endoplasmic Reticulum Targeting
                                                                                            1. Mitochondrial Targeting
                                                                                              1. Nuclear Import
                                                                                                1. Secretory Pathway

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                                                                                              6. Transcription

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                                                                                              8. Gene Regulation