Molecular Biology

  1. Structure of Nucleic Acids
    1. DNA Structure
      1. Chemical Composition
        1. Deoxyribose Sugar
          1. Structure and Properties
            1. Hydroxyl Group Differences
            2. Phosphate Groups
              1. Negative Charge
                1. Backbone Formation
                2. Nitrogenous Bases
                  1. Purines
                    1. Adenine Structure
                      1. Guanine Structure
                      2. Pyrimidines
                        1. Cytosine Structure
                          1. Thymine Structure
                      3. Primary Structure
                        1. Phosphodiester Bonds
                          1. Formation Mechanism
                            1. Bond Stability
                              1. Directionality
                              2. Nucleotide Sequence
                                1. 5' to 3' Polarity
                                2. Secondary Structure
                                  1. Double Helix Model
                                    1. Watson-Crick Base Pairing
                                      1. Hydrogen Bonding Patterns
                                        1. Base Pair Geometry
                                        2. Antiparallel Strand Orientation
                                          1. Helical Parameters
                                            1. Major Groove
                                              1. Minor Groove
                                                1. Groove Dimensions
                                              2. DNA Conformations
                                                1. B-Form DNA
                                                  1. Standard Conditions
                                                    1. Structural Parameters
                                                      1. Biological Significance
                                                      2. A-Form DNA
                                                        1. Dehydrated Conditions
                                                          1. Structural Differences
                                                          2. Z-Form DNA
                                                            1. Left-handed Helix
                                                              1. GC-rich Sequences
                                                                1. Functional Implications
                                                              2. DNA Topology
                                                                1. Supercoiling
                                                                  1. Positive Supercoiling
                                                                    1. Negative Supercoiling
                                                                      1. Linking Number
                                                                      2. Topoisomerases
                                                                        1. Type I Topoisomerases
                                                                          1. Type II Topoisomerases
                                                                            1. Cellular Functions
                                                                          2. DNA Denaturation
                                                                            1. Melting Temperature
                                                                              1. Factors Affecting Stability
                                                                                1. Hyperchromic Effect
                                                                                  1. Renaturation Kinetics
                                                                                2. RNA Structure
                                                                                  1. Chemical Composition
                                                                                    1. Ribose Sugar
                                                                                      1. 2' Hydroxyl Group
                                                                                        1. Chemical Reactivity
                                                                                        2. Phosphate Backbone
                                                                                          1. Nitrogenous Bases
                                                                                            1. Adenine
                                                                                              1. Guanine
                                                                                                1. Cytosine
                                                                                                  1. Uracil
                                                                                                2. Structural Differences from DNA
                                                                                                  1. Single-Stranded Nature
                                                                                                    1. Chemical Instability
                                                                                                      1. Conformational Flexibility
                                                                                                      2. RNA Secondary Structure
                                                                                                        1. Base Pairing Rules
                                                                                                          1. Hairpin Loops
                                                                                                            1. Bulges and Internal Loops
                                                                                                              1. Pseudoknots
                                                                                                                1. Kissing Loops
                                                                                                                2. RNA Tertiary Structure
                                                                                                                  1. Folding Principles
                                                                                                                    1. Ribose Zipper
                                                                                                                      1. A-minor Interactions
                                                                                                                      2. Types of RNA
                                                                                                                        1. Messenger RNA
                                                                                                                          1. Coding Function
                                                                                                                            1. Structural Features
                                                                                                                              1. Processing Requirements
                                                                                                                              2. Transfer RNA
                                                                                                                                1. Cloverleaf Structure
                                                                                                                                  1. L-shaped Tertiary Structure
                                                                                                                                    1. Anticodon Loop
                                                                                                                                      1. Amino Acid Attachment Site
                                                                                                                                      2. Ribosomal RNA
                                                                                                                                        1. Structural Components
                                                                                                                                          1. Catalytic Functions
                                                                                                                                            1. Evolutionary Conservation
                                                                                                                                            2. Small Nuclear RNA
                                                                                                                                              1. Splicing Functions
                                                                                                                                                1. Spliceosome Components
                                                                                                                                                2. MicroRNA
                                                                                                                                                  1. Gene Regulation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Biogenesis Pathway
                                                                                                                                                    2. Small Interfering RNA
                                                                                                                                                      1. RNA Interference
                                                                                                                                                        1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                                                        2. Long Non-coding RNA
                                                                                                                                                          1. Regulatory Functions
                                                                                                                                                            1. Chromatin Modification
                                                                                                                                                            2. Piwi-interacting RNA
                                                                                                                                                              1. Transposon Silencing
                                                                                                                                                                1. Germline Functions

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                                                                                                                                                          2. Chemical Foundations

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                                                                                                                                                          4. Protein Structure and Function