Molecular Biology

  1. DNA Replication
    1. Basic Principles
      1. Semiconservative Model
        1. Meselson-Stahl Experiment
          1. Experimental Evidence
          2. Bidirectional Replication
            1. Replication Fork Structure
            2. Replication Machinery
              1. DNA Helicases
                1. Unwinding Mechanism
                  1. Energy Requirements
                  2. Single-Strand Binding Proteins
                    1. DNA Protection
                      1. Cooperative Binding
                      2. Topoisomerases
                        1. Supercoiling Relief
                          1. Type I and Type II Functions
                          2. Primase
                            1. RNA Primer Synthesis
                              1. Primer Requirements
                              2. DNA Polymerases
                                1. Prokaryotic Polymerases
                                  1. DNA Polymerase I
                                    1. DNA Polymerase II
                                      1. DNA Polymerase III
                                      2. Eukaryotic Polymerases
                                        1. DNA Polymerase Alpha
                                          1. DNA Polymerase Delta
                                            1. DNA Polymerase Epsilon
                                            2. Polymerase Properties
                                              1. 3' to 5' Exonuclease Activity
                                                1. Proofreading Function
                                                  1. Processivity
                                                2. DNA Ligase
                                                  1. Nick Sealing
                                                    1. Energy Requirements
                                                    2. Accessory Proteins
                                                      1. Sliding Clamp
                                                        1. Clamp Loader
                                                          1. Replication Protein A
                                                        2. Replication Process
                                                          1. Initiation
                                                            1. Origin Recognition
                                                              1. Origin Binding Complex
                                                                1. Helicase Loading
                                                                  1. Primer Synthesis
                                                                  2. Elongation
                                                                    1. Leading Strand Synthesis
                                                                      1. Continuous Synthesis
                                                                        1. Polymerase Function
                                                                        2. Lagging Strand Synthesis
                                                                          1. Okazaki Fragment Formation
                                                                            1. Primer Removal
                                                                              1. Fragment Joining
                                                                            2. Termination
                                                                              1. Termination Sequences
                                                                                1. Replication Fork Collision
                                                                                  1. Chromosome Segregation
                                                                                2. Replication Fidelity
                                                                                  1. Proofreading Mechanisms
                                                                                    1. Mismatch Repair
                                                                                      1. Error Rates
                                                                                      2. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Replication
                                                                                        1. Origin Number and Distribution
                                                                                          1. Timing and Regulation
                                                                                            1. Chromosome Structure Differences
                                                                                            2. Telomeres and Telomerase
                                                                                              1. Telomere Structure
                                                                                                1. End Replication Problem
                                                                                                  1. Telomerase Function
                                                                                                    1. Telomere Maintenance
                                                                                                      1. Cellular Aging

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                                                                                                    4. Protein Structure and Function

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                                                                                                    6. Transcription