Molecular Biology

Molecular biology is the branch of biology that investigates biological processes at the molecular level, focusing on the structure, function, and interactions of the essential macromolecules that govern life, namely DNA, RNA, and proteins. It explores the fundamental mechanisms of how genetic information is stored in DNA, transcribed into RNA, and translated into proteins—a set of processes known as the central dogma. By examining these molecular interactions and their regulation, this field provides a mechanistic understanding of how cells function, grow, and respond to their environment, bridging the gap between genetics and biochemistry.

Molecular diagnostics is a discipline that applies the principles and techniques of molecular biology to medicine and healthcare. It involves the analysis of biological markers in an individual's genome and proteome—such as specific DNA sequences, RNA levels, and proteins—to diagnose disease, predict susceptibility, monitor treatment efficacy, and guide therapeutic decisions. By examining the molecular basis of health and illness, this field enables the highly sensitive and specific detection of infectious agents, inherited genetic disorders, and cancer, paving the way for personalized medicine and improved patient outcomes.