Animal Physiology

  1. Circulatory and Gas Exchange Systems
    1. Circulatory System Types
      1. Open Circulatory Systems
        1. Hemolymph
          1. Hemocoel
            1. Heart Structure
              1. Advantages and Limitations
              2. Closed Circulatory Systems
                1. Blood Vessels
                  1. Continuous Circulation
                    1. Pressure Maintenance
                      1. Advantages and Limitations
                      2. Vertebrate Circulation Patterns
                        1. Single Circulation
                          1. Fish Cardiovascular System
                            1. Blood Flow Pattern
                            2. Double Circulation
                              1. Pulmonary Circuit
                                1. Systemic Circuit
                                  1. Evolutionary Advantages
                              2. Heart Structure and Function
                                1. Heart Chambers
                                  1. Atrial Structure
                                    1. Ventricular Structure
                                      1. Valve Systems
                                      2. Cardiac Cycle
                                        1. Systole
                                          1. Atrial Systole
                                            1. Ventricular Systole
                                            2. Diastole
                                              1. Ventricular Filling
                                                1. Coronary Perfusion
                                                2. Heart Sounds
                                                  1. S1 and S2 Sounds
                                                    1. Valve Closure
                                                  2. Cardiac Output Regulation
                                                    1. Stroke Volume
                                                      1. Preload
                                                        1. Afterload
                                                          1. Contractility
                                                          2. Heart Rate
                                                            1. Intrinsic Regulation
                                                              1. Extrinsic Regulation
                                                            2. Electrical Conduction System
                                                              1. Pacemaker Cells
                                                                1. Conduction Pathways
                                                                  1. Electrocardiogram
                                                                  2. Neural and Hormonal Control
                                                                    1. Sympathetic Stimulation
                                                                      1. Parasympathetic Stimulation
                                                                        1. Hormonal Influences
                                                                      2. Blood Vessels and Circulation
                                                                        1. Arterial System
                                                                          1. Elastic Arteries
                                                                            1. Muscular Arteries
                                                                              1. Arterioles
                                                                                1. Pressure Regulation
                                                                                2. Venous System
                                                                                  1. Venules
                                                                                    1. Veins
                                                                                      1. Venous Return Mechanisms
                                                                                        1. Venous Valves
                                                                                        2. Capillary Networks
                                                                                          1. Capillary Structure
                                                                                            1. Exchange Mechanisms
                                                                                              1. Capillary Beds
                                                                                              2. Blood Pressure and Flow
                                                                                                1. Pressure Gradients
                                                                                                  1. Resistance Factors
                                                                                                    1. Flow Regulation
                                                                                                      1. Local Control
                                                                                                        1. Neural Control
                                                                                                          1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                        2. Lymphatic System
                                                                                                          1. Lymph Formation
                                                                                                            1. Lymphatic Vessels
                                                                                                              1. Lymph Nodes
                                                                                                                1. Immune Functions
                                                                                                              2. Blood Composition and Function
                                                                                                                1. Plasma Components
                                                                                                                  1. Water Content
                                                                                                                    1. Dissolved Solutes
                                                                                                                      1. Proteins
                                                                                                                        1. Electrolytes
                                                                                                                          1. Nutrients
                                                                                                                            1. Waste Products
                                                                                                                          2. Cellular Components
                                                                                                                            1. Red Blood Cells
                                                                                                                              1. Hemoglobin Structure
                                                                                                                                1. Oxygen Transport
                                                                                                                                  1. Carbon Dioxide Transport
                                                                                                                                    1. Cell Lifespan
                                                                                                                                    2. White Blood Cells
                                                                                                                                      1. Neutrophils
                                                                                                                                        1. Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                          1. Monocytes
                                                                                                                                            1. Eosinophils
                                                                                                                                              1. Basophils
                                                                                                                                              2. Platelets
                                                                                                                                                1. Hemostasis
                                                                                                                                                  1. Clotting Cascade
                                                                                                                                                    1. Platelet Plug Formation
                                                                                                                                                  2. Hemostasis and Coagulation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Vascular Spasm
                                                                                                                                                      1. Platelet Plug Formation
                                                                                                                                                        1. Coagulation Cascade
                                                                                                                                                          1. Fibrinolysis
                                                                                                                                                        2. Gas Exchange Systems
                                                                                                                                                          1. Physical Principles
                                                                                                                                                            1. Partial Pressure Gradients
                                                                                                                                                              1. Fick's Law Application
                                                                                                                                                                1. Solubility Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                2. Respiratory Media
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Air Breathing
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oxygen Availability
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Carbon Dioxide Removal
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Water Breathing
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dissolved Gas Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Extraction Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Gas Exchange Surfaces
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gills
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gill Structure
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Countercurrent Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ventilation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Tracheal Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spiracles
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tracheal Tubes
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Direct Oxygen Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Lungs
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Alveolar Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ventilation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gas Exchange Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ventilation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Positive Pressure Breathing
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Buccal Pumping
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Air Sac Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Negative Pressure Breathing
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diaphragmatic Breathing
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Intercostal Muscles
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Gas Transport in Blood
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oxygen Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hemoglobin Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Factors Affecting Oxygen Affinity
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Carbon Dioxide Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dissolved CO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bicarbonate Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Carbaminohemoglobin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Respiratory Pigments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hemoglobin Variants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hemocyanin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hemerythrin

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                6. Musculoskeletal System and Movement

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                8. Nutrition and Digestion