Animal Physiology

  1. Thermoregulation
    1. Heat Sources and Heat Loss
      1. Heat Production
        1. Metabolic Heat Generation
          1. Muscle Contraction
            1. Brown Adipose Tissue
            2. Heat Exchange Mechanisms
              1. Conduction
                1. Direct Contact Transfer
                2. Convection
                  1. Fluid Movement Transfer
                  2. Radiation
                    1. Electromagnetic Transfer
                    2. Evaporation
                      1. Phase Change Cooling
                  3. Thermal Strategies
                    1. Endothermy
                      1. Internal Heat Production
                        1. Metabolic Regulation
                          1. Temperature Independence
                          2. Ectothermy
                            1. Environmental Heat Dependence
                              1. Behavioral Thermoregulation
                                1. Energy Conservation
                                2. Heterothermy
                                  1. Regional Temperature Variation
                                    1. Temporal Temperature Variation
                                  2. Temperature Regulation Mechanisms
                                    1. Physiological Responses
                                      1. Vasomotor Responses
                                        1. Vasodilation
                                          1. Vasoconstriction
                                          2. Countercurrent Heat Exchange
                                            1. Arteriovenous Heat Transfer
                                              1. Extremity Temperature Control
                                              2. Evaporative Cooling
                                                1. Sweating
                                                  1. Panting
                                                    1. Gular Flutter
                                                    2. Metabolic Adjustments
                                                      1. Shivering Thermogenesis
                                                        1. Non-Shivering Thermogenesis
                                                      2. Behavioral Responses
                                                        1. Basking
                                                          1. Shade Seeking
                                                            1. Burrowing
                                                              1. Huddling
                                                                1. Migration
                                                                2. Morphological Adaptations
                                                                  1. Insulation
                                                                    1. Fur and Feathers
                                                                      1. Subcutaneous Fat
                                                                      2. Surface Area Modifications
                                                                        1. Appendage Size
                                                                          1. Body Shape
                                                                          2. Coloration
                                                                            1. Heat Absorption
                                                                              1. Heat Reflection
                                                                          3. Thermal Acclimation
                                                                            1. Seasonal Adjustments
                                                                              1. Metabolic Rate Changes
                                                                                1. Insulation Changes
                                                                                2. Cellular Adaptations
                                                                                  1. Enzyme Variants
                                                                                    1. Membrane Composition
                                                                                    2. Physiological Adjustments
                                                                                      1. Circulatory Changes
                                                                                        1. Respiratory Changes
                                                                                      2. Extreme Thermal Adaptations
                                                                                        1. Torpor
                                                                                          1. Daily Torpor
                                                                                            1. Metabolic Depression
                                                                                            2. Hibernation
                                                                                              1. Seasonal Dormancy
                                                                                                1. Physiological Changes
                                                                                                2. Estivation
                                                                                                  1. Summer Dormancy
                                                                                                    1. Water Conservation
                                                                                                    2. Freeze Tolerance
                                                                                                      1. Antifreeze Proteins
                                                                                                        1. Cryoprotectants

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                                                                                                    9. Osmoregulation and Excretion

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                                                                                                    11. Reproduction and Development