Animal Physiology

  1. Nervous System and Neuronal Communication
    1. Cellular Components of the Nervous System
      1. Neurons
        1. Neuronal Structure
          1. Dendrites
            1. Cell Body (Soma)
              1. Axon
                1. Axon Terminals
                  1. Synaptic Terminals
                  2. Functional Classification
                    1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
                      1. Motor Neurons (Efferent)
                        1. Interneurons
                        2. Structural Classification
                          1. Unipolar Neurons
                            1. Bipolar Neurons
                              1. Multipolar Neurons
                            2. Glial Cells
                              1. Central Nervous System Glia
                                1. Astrocytes
                                  1. Metabolic Support
                                    1. Blood-Brain Barrier Formation
                                      1. Neurotransmitter Uptake
                                      2. Oligodendrocytes
                                        1. Myelination in CNS
                                        2. Microglia
                                          1. Immune Functions
                                            1. Phagocytosis
                                            2. Ependymal Cells
                                              1. Cerebrospinal Fluid Production
                                            3. Peripheral Nervous System Glia
                                              1. Schwann Cells
                                                1. Myelination in PNS
                                                  1. Nerve Regeneration
                                                  2. Satellite Cells
                                                    1. Support for Cell Bodies
                                              2. Electrical Properties of Neurons
                                                1. Resting Membrane Potential
                                                  1. Ion Distribution
                                                    1. Sodium Ion Gradients
                                                      1. Potassium Ion Gradients
                                                        1. Chloride Ion Distribution
                                                        2. Sodium-Potassium Pump Role
                                                          1. Membrane Permeability
                                                            1. Equilibrium Potentials
                                                            2. Graded Potentials
                                                              1. Local Changes in Membrane Potential
                                                                1. Spatial and Temporal Summation
                                                                  1. Decremental Conduction
                                                                    1. Receptor Potentials
                                                                      1. Postsynaptic Potentials
                                                                      2. Action Potentials
                                                                        1. Threshold and All-or-None Principle
                                                                          1. Phases of Action Potential
                                                                            1. Depolarization
                                                                              1. Repolarization
                                                                                1. Hyperpolarization
                                                                                2. Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
                                                                                  1. Sodium Channels
                                                                                    1. Potassium Channels
                                                                                    2. Refractory Periods
                                                                                      1. Absolute Refractory Period
                                                                                        1. Relative Refractory Period
                                                                                      2. Action Potential Propagation
                                                                                        1. Continuous Conduction
                                                                                          1. Unmyelinated Axons
                                                                                            1. Local Current Flow
                                                                                            2. Saltatory Conduction
                                                                                              1. Myelinated Axons
                                                                                                1. Nodes of Ranvier
                                                                                                2. Factors Affecting Conduction Velocity
                                                                                                  1. Axon Diameter
                                                                                                    1. Myelination
                                                                                                      1. Temperature
                                                                                                  2. Synaptic Transmission
                                                                                                    1. Electrical Synapses
                                                                                                      1. Gap Junction Structure
                                                                                                        1. Bidirectional Transmission
                                                                                                          1. Speed and Synchronization
                                                                                                            1. Electrical Coupling
                                                                                                            2. Chemical Synapses
                                                                                                              1. Synaptic Structure
                                                                                                                1. Presynaptic Terminal
                                                                                                                  1. Synaptic Cleft
                                                                                                                    1. Postsynaptic Membrane
                                                                                                                    2. Neurotransmitter Release
                                                                                                                      1. Synaptic Vesicles
                                                                                                                        1. Calcium-Dependent Exocytosis
                                                                                                                          1. SNARE Proteins
                                                                                                                          2. Postsynaptic Events
                                                                                                                            1. Neurotransmitter Binding
                                                                                                                              1. Ion Channel Opening
                                                                                                                                1. Postsynaptic Potentials
                                                                                                                                2. Synaptic Integration
                                                                                                                                  1. Spatial Summation
                                                                                                                                    1. Temporal Summation
                                                                                                                                      1. Inhibitory Integration
                                                                                                                                      2. Synaptic Plasticity
                                                                                                                                        1. Short-Term Plasticity
                                                                                                                                          1. Long-Term Potentiation
                                                                                                                                            1. Long-Term Depression
                                                                                                                                          2. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                            1. Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                              1. Acetylcholine
                                                                                                                                                1. Biogenic Amines
                                                                                                                                                  1. Dopamine
                                                                                                                                                    1. Norepinephrine
                                                                                                                                                      1. Epinephrine
                                                                                                                                                        1. Serotonin
                                                                                                                                                          1. Histamine
                                                                                                                                                          2. Amino Acids
                                                                                                                                                            1. Glutamate
                                                                                                                                                              1. GABA
                                                                                                                                                                1. Glycine
                                                                                                                                                                2. Purines
                                                                                                                                                                  1. ATP
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Adenosine
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Neuropeptides
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Substance P
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Endorphins
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Enkephalins
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Neuropeptide Y
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Gaseous Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nitric Oxide
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carbon Monoxide
                                                                                                                                                                          3. Organization of Nervous Systems
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Simple Nervous Systems
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nerve Nets
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cnidarian Nervous Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distributed Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Ganglionic Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Invertebrate Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Segmental Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Centralized Nervous Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cephalization
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Evolutionary Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Brain Development
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Hierarchical Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Central Control
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Peripheral Implementation
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Vertebrate Nervous System Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Central Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Brain Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Forebrain
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cerebrum
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cerebral Cortex
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Basal Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Limbic System
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Diencephalon
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thalamus
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hypothalamus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Epithalamus
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Midbrain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Superior Colliculus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inferior Colliculus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Substantia Nigra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Hindbrain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Medulla Oblongata
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cerebellum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Spinal Cord
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gray Matter Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. White Matter Tracts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spinal Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ascending Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Descending Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Peripheral Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Somatic Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Motor Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sensory Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Voluntary Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Autonomic Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sympathetic Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thoracolumbar Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fight-or-Flight Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Parasympathetic Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Craniosacral Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rest-and-Digest Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Neurotransmitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Enteric Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gut Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Local Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neurotransmitter Diversity

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cellular Physiology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. Sensory Systems