Animal Physiology

  1. Integrative Physiology and Environmental Adaptation
    1. Extreme Environment Adaptations
      1. Deep-Sea Physiology
        1. Pressure Adaptations
          1. Bioluminescence
            1. Metabolic Adaptations
            2. High-Altitude Physiology
              1. Oxygen Transport Adaptations
                1. Hemoglobin Modifications
                  1. Cardiovascular Adjustments
                    1. Respiratory Adaptations
                    2. Desert Physiology
                      1. Water Conservation
                        1. Heat Tolerance
                          1. Metabolic Water Production
                          2. Arctic Physiology
                            1. Cold Tolerance
                              1. Antifreeze Adaptations
                                1. Insulation Strategies
                              2. Exercise Physiology
                                1. Muscle Metabolism
                                  1. Aerobic Metabolism
                                    1. Anaerobic Metabolism
                                      1. Lactate Production
                                      2. Cardiovascular Responses
                                        1. Cardiac Output Increase
                                          1. Blood Flow Redistribution
                                            1. Oxygen Delivery
                                            2. Respiratory Adjustments
                                              1. Ventilation Increase
                                                1. Gas Exchange Efficiency
                                                2. Training Adaptations
                                                  1. Muscle Adaptations
                                                    1. Cardiovascular Adaptations
                                                      1. Metabolic Adaptations
                                                    2. Diving Physiology
                                                      1. Oxygen Storage
                                                        1. Blood Oxygen
                                                          1. Muscle Myoglobin
                                                            1. Lung Oxygen
                                                            2. Cardiovascular Adjustments
                                                              1. Bradycardia
                                                                1. Peripheral Vasoconstriction
                                                                  1. Blood Shunting
                                                                  2. Pressure Adaptations
                                                                    1. Lung Collapse
                                                                      1. Nitrogen Narcosis Avoidance
                                                                    2. Immune System
                                                                      1. Innate Immunity
                                                                        1. Physical Barriers
                                                                          1. Skin
                                                                            1. Mucous Membranes
                                                                            2. Cellular Defenses
                                                                              1. Phagocytes
                                                                                1. Natural Killer Cells
                                                                                2. Chemical Defenses
                                                                                  1. Antimicrobial Proteins
                                                                                    1. Inflammatory Mediators
                                                                                    2. Inflammatory Response
                                                                                      1. Vasodilation
                                                                                        1. Increased Permeability
                                                                                          1. Leukocyte Recruitment
                                                                                        2. Adaptive Immunity
                                                                                          1. Lymphocyte Types
                                                                                            1. B Lymphocytes
                                                                                              1. Antibody Production
                                                                                                1. Plasma Cells
                                                                                                  1. Memory B Cells
                                                                                                  2. T Lymphocytes
                                                                                                    1. Helper T Cells
                                                                                                      1. Cytotoxic T Cells
                                                                                                        1. Memory T Cells
                                                                                                      2. Antigen Recognition
                                                                                                        1. Major Histocompatibility Complex
                                                                                                          1. Antigen Presentation
                                                                                                          2. Immune Memory
                                                                                                            1. Primary Response
                                                                                                              1. Secondary Response
                                                                                                                1. Vaccination Principles

                                                                                                          Previous

                                                                                                          11. Reproduction and Development

                                                                                                          Go to top

                                                                                                          Back to Start

                                                                                                          1. Fundamental Principles of Animal Physiology