Animal Physiology

11.

Reproduction and Development

11.1.

Reproductive Strategies

11.1.1.

Asexual Reproduction

11.1.1.1.

11.1.1.2.

11.1.1.3.

11.1.1.4.

Parthenogenesis

11.1.1.4.1.

Obligate Parthenogenesis

11.1.1.4.2.

Facultative Parthenogenesis

11.1.2.

Sexual Reproduction

11.1.2.1.

Genetic Diversity Benefits

11.1.2.2.

Meiosis and Gamete Formation

11.1.2.3.

11.1.3.

Reproductive System Organization

11.1.3.1.

Hermaphroditism

11.1.3.1.1.

Simultaneous Hermaphrodites

11.1.3.1.2.

Sequential Hermaphrodites

11.1.3.2.

11.1.3.2.1.

Sexual Dimorphism

11.1.3.2.2.

Sex Determination

11.2.

11.2.1.

Spermatogenesis

11.2.1.1.

11.2.1.2.

11.2.1.3.

Differentiation Phase

11.2.1.4.

Hormonal Control

11.2.2.

11.2.2.1.

11.2.2.2.

11.2.2.3.

Maturation Phase

11.2.2.4.

Hormonal Control

11.2.3.

Gamete Structure

11.2.3.1.

Sperm Structure

11.2.3.1.1.

11.2.3.1.2.

11.2.3.1.3.

11.2.3.2.

11.2.3.2.1.

11.2.3.2.2.

11.2.3.2.3.

Protective Layers

11.3.

Fertilization Mechanisms

11.3.1.

External Fertilization

11.3.1.1.

Aquatic Environments

11.3.1.2.

Synchronization Mechanisms

11.3.1.3.

11.3.2.

Internal Fertilization

11.3.2.1.

Copulatory Organs

11.3.2.2.

11.3.2.3.

Fertilization Sites

11.3.3.

Fertilization Process

11.3.3.1.

Sperm Capacitation

11.3.3.2.

Sperm-Egg Recognition

11.3.3.3.

Membrane Fusion

11.3.3.4.

Cortical Reaction

11.3.3.5.

11.4.

Reproductive Cycles

11.4.1.

11.4.1.1.

Follicular Phase

11.4.1.2.

11.4.1.3.

11.4.2.

Menstrual Cycles

11.4.2.1.

Menstrual Phase

11.4.2.2.

Proliferative Phase

11.4.2.3.

Secretory Phase

11.4.3.

Hormonal Control

11.4.3.1.

Hypothalamic Hormones

11.4.3.1.1.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

11.4.3.2.

Pituitary Hormones

11.4.3.2.1.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

11.4.3.2.2.

Luteinizing Hormone

11.4.3.3.

Gonadal Hormones

11.4.3.3.1.

11.4.3.3.2.

11.4.3.3.3.

11.5.

11.5.1.

Embryonic Development

11.5.1.1.

11.5.1.1.1.

Cell Division Patterns

11.5.1.1.2.

Blastula Formation

11.5.1.2.

11.5.1.2.1.

Germ Layer Formation

11.5.1.2.2.

11.5.1.3.

11.5.1.3.1.

Organ System Development

11.5.1.3.2.

Cell Differentiation

11.5.2.

Larval Development

11.5.2.1.

Indirect Development

11.5.2.2.

11.5.2.2.1.

Hormonal Control

11.5.2.2.2.

Tissue Reorganization

11.5.3.

Direct Development

11.5.3.1.

Miniature Adult Formation

11.5.3.2.

Parental Investment

11.5.4.

Parental Care Strategies

11.5.4.1.

No Parental Care

11.5.4.2.

11.5.4.3.

11.5.4.4.

11.5.4.5.

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