Animal Physiology

  1. Reproduction and Development
    1. Reproductive Strategies
      1. Asexual Reproduction
        1. Binary Fission
          1. Budding
            1. Fragmentation
              1. Parthenogenesis
                1. Obligate Parthenogenesis
                  1. Facultative Parthenogenesis
                2. Sexual Reproduction
                  1. Genetic Diversity Benefits
                    1. Meiosis and Gamete Formation
                      1. Fertilization
                      2. Reproductive System Organization
                        1. Hermaphroditism
                          1. Simultaneous Hermaphrodites
                            1. Sequential Hermaphrodites
                            2. Separate Sexes
                              1. Sexual Dimorphism
                                1. Sex Determination
                            3. Gametogenesis
                              1. Spermatogenesis
                                1. Mitotic Phase
                                  1. Meiotic Phase
                                    1. Differentiation Phase
                                      1. Hormonal Control
                                      2. Oogenesis
                                        1. Mitotic Phase
                                          1. Growth Phase
                                            1. Maturation Phase
                                              1. Hormonal Control
                                              2. Gamete Structure
                                                1. Sperm Structure
                                                  1. Head
                                                    1. Midpiece
                                                      1. Tail
                                                      2. Egg Structure
                                                        1. Nucleus
                                                          1. Cytoplasm
                                                            1. Protective Layers
                                                        2. Fertilization Mechanisms
                                                          1. External Fertilization
                                                            1. Aquatic Environments
                                                              1. Synchronization Mechanisms
                                                                1. Gamete Release
                                                                2. Internal Fertilization
                                                                  1. Copulatory Organs
                                                                    1. Sperm Transfer
                                                                      1. Fertilization Sites
                                                                      2. Fertilization Process
                                                                        1. Sperm Capacitation
                                                                          1. Sperm-Egg Recognition
                                                                            1. Membrane Fusion
                                                                              1. Cortical Reaction
                                                                                1. Nuclear Fusion
                                                                              2. Reproductive Cycles
                                                                                1. Estrous Cycles
                                                                                  1. Follicular Phase
                                                                                    1. Ovulation
                                                                                      1. Luteal Phase
                                                                                      2. Menstrual Cycles
                                                                                        1. Menstrual Phase
                                                                                          1. Proliferative Phase
                                                                                            1. Secretory Phase
                                                                                            2. Hormonal Control
                                                                                              1. Hypothalamic Hormones
                                                                                                1. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
                                                                                                2. Pituitary Hormones
                                                                                                  1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
                                                                                                    1. Luteinizing Hormone
                                                                                                    2. Gonadal Hormones
                                                                                                      1. Estrogen
                                                                                                        1. Progesterone
                                                                                                          1. Testosterone
                                                                                                      2. Development
                                                                                                        1. Embryonic Development
                                                                                                          1. Cleavage
                                                                                                            1. Cell Division Patterns
                                                                                                              1. Blastula Formation
                                                                                                              2. Gastrulation
                                                                                                                1. Germ Layer Formation
                                                                                                                  1. Cell Movement
                                                                                                                  2. Organogenesis
                                                                                                                    1. Organ System Development
                                                                                                                      1. Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                                    2. Larval Development
                                                                                                                      1. Indirect Development
                                                                                                                        1. Metamorphosis
                                                                                                                          1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                            1. Tissue Reorganization
                                                                                                                          2. Direct Development
                                                                                                                            1. Miniature Adult Formation
                                                                                                                              1. Parental Investment
                                                                                                                              2. Parental Care Strategies
                                                                                                                                1. No Parental Care
                                                                                                                                  1. Egg Guarding
                                                                                                                                    1. Brooding
                                                                                                                                      1. Feeding Young
                                                                                                                                        1. Extended Care

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                                                                                                                                    10. Thermoregulation

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                                                                                                                                    12. Integrative Physiology and Environmental Adaptation