Animal Physiology

5.

Endocrine System and Hormonal Control

5.1.

Principles of Chemical Signaling

5.1.1.

Types of Chemical Signals

5.1.1.1.

Endocrine Signals

5.1.1.1.1.

Hormones in Circulation

5.1.1.1.2.

Long-Distance Communication

5.1.1.2.

Paracrine Signals

5.1.1.2.1.

Local Cell Communication

5.1.1.2.2.

Short-Distance Effects

5.1.1.3.

Autocrine Signals

5.1.1.3.1.

Self-Stimulation

5.1.1.3.2.

Feedback Regulation

5.1.1.4.

Neurocrine Signals

5.1.1.4.1.

5.1.1.4.2.

Neuroendocrine Integration

5.1.2.

Signal Specificity

5.1.2.1.

Receptor Specificity

5.1.2.2.

Target Cell Recognition

5.1.2.3.

Dose-Response Relationships

5.2.

Hormone Structure and Function

5.2.1.

Chemical Classes of Hormones

5.2.1.1.

Peptide and Protein Hormones

5.2.1.1.1.

Structure and Synthesis

5.2.1.1.2.

Storage and Release

5.2.1.1.3.

Water Solubility

5.2.1.2.

Steroid Hormones

5.2.1.2.1.

Cholesterol Derivatives

5.2.1.2.2.

Lipid Solubility

5.2.1.2.3.

Synthesis Pathways

5.2.1.3.

5.2.1.3.1.

Tyrosine Derivatives

5.2.1.3.2.

Tryptophan Derivatives

5.2.1.3.3.

5.2.1.3.4.

Thyroid Hormones

5.2.2.

Hormone Transport

5.2.2.1.

5.2.2.2.

Protein-Bound Hormones

5.2.2.3.

Carrier Proteins

5.2.3.

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

5.2.3.1.

Water-Soluble Hormones

5.2.3.1.1.

Membrane Receptor Binding

5.2.3.1.2.

Second Messenger Systems

5.2.3.1.2.1.

5.2.3.1.2.2.

Inositol Phosphates

5.2.3.1.2.3.

5.2.3.1.3.

Protein Kinase Activation

5.2.3.2.

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

5.2.3.2.1.

Intracellular Receptors

5.2.3.2.2.

Nuclear Receptors

5.2.3.2.3.

Gene Transcription Regulation

5.2.3.2.4.

Protein Synthesis Effects

5.3.

Vertebrate Endocrine System

5.3.1.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

5.3.1.1.

5.3.1.1.1.

Neurosecretory Cells

5.3.1.1.2.

Releasing Hormones

5.3.1.1.3.

Inhibiting Hormones

5.3.1.2.

Posterior Pituitary

5.3.1.2.1.

Neurohypophysis

5.3.1.2.2.

Hormone Storage and Release

5.3.1.2.3.

5.3.1.2.3.1.

Uterine Contraction

5.3.1.2.3.2.

5.3.1.2.4.

Antidiuretic Hormone

5.3.1.2.4.1.

Water Reabsorption

5.3.1.2.4.2.

Blood Pressure Regulation

5.3.1.3.

Anterior Pituitary

5.3.1.3.1.

Adenohypophysis

5.3.1.3.2.

Tropic Hormones

5.3.1.3.2.1.

5.3.1.3.2.1.1.

Growth Promotion

5.3.1.3.2.1.2.

Metabolic Effects

5.3.1.3.2.2.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

5.3.1.3.2.3.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

5.3.1.3.2.4.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

5.3.1.3.2.5.

Luteinizing Hormone

5.3.1.3.3.

Non-Tropic Hormones

5.3.1.3.3.1.

5.3.1.3.3.1.1.

Milk Production

5.3.1.3.3.1.2.

Parental Behavior

5.3.2.

5.3.2.1.

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

5.3.2.1.1.

5.3.2.1.2.

5.3.2.2.

Thyroid Hormones

5.3.2.2.1.

5.3.2.2.2.

Triiodothyronine (T3)

5.3.2.3.

Metabolic Regulation

5.3.2.3.1.

Basal Metabolic Rate

5.3.2.3.2.

5.3.2.3.3.

5.3.2.4.

5.3.2.4.1.

Calcium Homeostasis

5.3.3.

Parathyroid Glands

5.3.3.1.

Parathyroid Hormone

5.3.3.1.1.

Calcium Mobilization

5.3.3.1.2.

Phosphate Regulation

5.3.3.1.3.

Vitamin D Activation

5.3.3.2.

Calcium Homeostasis

5.3.3.2.1.

Bone Remodeling

5.3.3.2.2.

Kidney Function

5.3.3.2.3.

Intestinal Absorption

5.3.4.

5.3.4.1.

Adrenal Medulla

5.3.4.1.1.

Chromaffin Cells

5.3.4.1.2.

Catecholamine Release

5.3.4.1.3.

5.3.4.1.3.1.

Fight-or-Flight Response

5.3.4.1.3.2.

Metabolic Effects

5.3.4.1.4.

5.3.4.1.4.1.

Cardiovascular Effects

5.3.4.2.

5.3.4.2.1.

Steroid Hormone Production

5.3.4.2.2.

Glucocorticoids

5.3.4.2.2.1.

5.3.4.2.2.2.

Stress Response

5.3.4.2.2.3.

Metabolic Regulation

5.3.4.2.3.

Mineralocorticoids

5.3.4.2.3.1.

5.3.4.2.3.2.

Sodium Retention

5.3.4.2.3.3.

Potassium Excretion

5.3.4.2.4.

5.3.4.2.4.1.

Sex Hormone Precursors

5.3.5.

Pancreatic Islets

5.3.5.1.

Islet Cell Types

5.3.5.1.1.

5.3.5.1.2.

5.3.5.1.3.

5.3.5.2.

Glucose Homeostasis

5.3.5.2.1.

5.3.5.2.1.1.

5.3.5.2.1.2.

Anabolic Effects

5.3.5.2.2.

5.3.5.2.2.1.

Glucose Release

5.3.5.2.2.2.

Catabolic Effects

5.3.5.3.

Diabetes Mellitus

5.3.5.3.1.

Type 1 Diabetes

5.3.5.3.2.

Type 2 Diabetes

5.3.6.

Reproductive Endocrine System

5.3.6.1.

5.3.6.1.1.

5.3.6.1.2.

Testosterone Production

5.3.6.1.3.

Male Sexual Development

5.3.6.1.4.

Spermatogenesis

5.3.6.2.

5.3.6.2.1.

Follicle Development

5.3.6.2.2.

Estrogen Production

5.3.6.2.3.

Progesterone Production

5.3.6.2.4.

5.4.

Invertebrate Endocrinology

5.4.1.

Arthropod Hormones

5.4.1.1.

Molting Hormones

5.4.1.1.1.

5.4.1.1.2.

Prothoracicotropic Hormone

5.4.1.2.

Juvenile Hormone

5.4.1.2.1.

Metamorphosis Control

5.4.2.

Insect Development

5.4.2.1.

Larval Development

5.4.2.2.

5.4.2.3.

Adult Maturation

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