Animal Physiology

  1. Endocrine System and Hormonal Control
    1. Principles of Chemical Signaling
      1. Types of Chemical Signals
        1. Endocrine Signals
          1. Hormones in Circulation
            1. Long-Distance Communication
            2. Paracrine Signals
              1. Local Cell Communication
                1. Short-Distance Effects
                2. Autocrine Signals
                  1. Self-Stimulation
                    1. Feedback Regulation
                    2. Neurocrine Signals
                      1. Neurohormones
                        1. Neuroendocrine Integration
                      2. Signal Specificity
                        1. Receptor Specificity
                          1. Target Cell Recognition
                            1. Dose-Response Relationships
                          2. Hormone Structure and Function
                            1. Chemical Classes of Hormones
                              1. Peptide and Protein Hormones
                                1. Structure and Synthesis
                                  1. Storage and Release
                                    1. Water Solubility
                                    2. Steroid Hormones
                                      1. Cholesterol Derivatives
                                        1. Lipid Solubility
                                          1. Synthesis Pathways
                                          2. Amine Hormones
                                            1. Tyrosine Derivatives
                                              1. Tryptophan Derivatives
                                                1. Catecholamines
                                                  1. Thyroid Hormones
                                                2. Hormone Transport
                                                  1. Free Hormones
                                                    1. Protein-Bound Hormones
                                                      1. Carrier Proteins
                                                      2. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
                                                        1. Water-Soluble Hormones
                                                          1. Membrane Receptor Binding
                                                            1. Second Messenger Systems
                                                              1. Cyclic AMP
                                                                1. Inositol Phosphates
                                                                  1. Calcium
                                                                  2. Protein Kinase Activation
                                                                  3. Lipid-Soluble Hormones
                                                                    1. Intracellular Receptors
                                                                      1. Nuclear Receptors
                                                                        1. Gene Transcription Regulation
                                                                          1. Protein Synthesis Effects
                                                                      2. Vertebrate Endocrine System
                                                                        1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
                                                                          1. Hypothalamus
                                                                            1. Neurosecretory Cells
                                                                              1. Releasing Hormones
                                                                                1. Inhibiting Hormones
                                                                                2. Posterior Pituitary
                                                                                  1. Neurohypophysis
                                                                                    1. Hormone Storage and Release
                                                                                      1. Oxytocin
                                                                                        1. Uterine Contraction
                                                                                          1. Milk Ejection
                                                                                          2. Antidiuretic Hormone
                                                                                            1. Water Reabsorption
                                                                                              1. Blood Pressure Regulation
                                                                                            2. Anterior Pituitary
                                                                                              1. Adenohypophysis
                                                                                                1. Tropic Hormones
                                                                                                  1. Growth Hormone
                                                                                                    1. Growth Promotion
                                                                                                      1. Metabolic Effects
                                                                                                      2. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
                                                                                                        1. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
                                                                                                          1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
                                                                                                            1. Luteinizing Hormone
                                                                                                            2. Non-Tropic Hormones
                                                                                                              1. Prolactin
                                                                                                                1. Milk Production
                                                                                                                  1. Parental Behavior
                                                                                                            3. Thyroid Gland
                                                                                                              1. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
                                                                                                                1. Iodine Uptake
                                                                                                                  1. Thyroglobulin
                                                                                                                  2. Thyroid Hormones
                                                                                                                    1. Thyroxine (T4)
                                                                                                                      1. Triiodothyronine (T3)
                                                                                                                      2. Metabolic Regulation
                                                                                                                        1. Basal Metabolic Rate
                                                                                                                          1. Thermogenesis
                                                                                                                            1. Development
                                                                                                                            2. Calcitonin
                                                                                                                              1. Calcium Homeostasis
                                                                                                                            3. Parathyroid Glands
                                                                                                                              1. Parathyroid Hormone
                                                                                                                                1. Calcium Mobilization
                                                                                                                                  1. Phosphate Regulation
                                                                                                                                    1. Vitamin D Activation
                                                                                                                                    2. Calcium Homeostasis
                                                                                                                                      1. Bone Remodeling
                                                                                                                                        1. Kidney Function
                                                                                                                                          1. Intestinal Absorption
                                                                                                                                        2. Adrenal Glands
                                                                                                                                          1. Adrenal Medulla
                                                                                                                                            1. Chromaffin Cells
                                                                                                                                              1. Catecholamine Release
                                                                                                                                                1. Epinephrine
                                                                                                                                                  1. Fight-or-Flight Response
                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Effects
                                                                                                                                                    2. Norepinephrine
                                                                                                                                                      1. Cardiovascular Effects
                                                                                                                                                    3. Adrenal Cortex
                                                                                                                                                      1. Steroid Hormone Production
                                                                                                                                                        1. Glucocorticoids
                                                                                                                                                          1. Cortisol
                                                                                                                                                            1. Stress Response
                                                                                                                                                              1. Metabolic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                              2. Mineralocorticoids
                                                                                                                                                                1. Aldosterone
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sodium Retention
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Potassium Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Androgens
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sex Hormone Precursors
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pancreatic Islets
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Islet Cell Types
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Alpha Cells
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Beta Cells
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Delta Cells
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Glucose Homeostasis
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Insulin
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Glucose Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anabolic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Glucagon
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Glucose Release
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Catabolic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Diabetes Mellitus
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Type 1 Diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Type 2 Diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Reproductive Endocrine System
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Testes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Leydig Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Testosterone Production
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Male Sexual Development
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spermatogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ovaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Follicle Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Estrogen Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Progesterone Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ovarian Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Invertebrate Endocrinology
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Arthropod Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Molting Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecdysone
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Prothoracicotropic Hormone
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Juvenile Hormone
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Metamorphosis Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Insect Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Larval Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metamorphosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Adult Maturation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                            6. Musculoskeletal System and Movement