Animal Physiology

  1. Cellular Physiology
    1. Cell Membrane Structure and Properties
      1. Phospholipid Bilayer Organization
        1. Membrane Composition
          1. Fluid Mosaic Model
          2. Membrane Fluidity
            1. Cholesterol Effects
              1. Temperature Effects
                1. Fatty Acid Composition
                2. Membrane Proteins
                  1. Integral Proteins
                    1. Transmembrane Proteins
                      1. Membrane-Spanning Domains
                      2. Peripheral Proteins
                        1. Membrane Association
                        2. Protein Functions
                          1. Transport Proteins
                            1. Receptor Proteins
                              1. Enzyme Proteins
                                1. Structural Proteins
                            2. Transport Across Membranes
                              1. Passive Transport Mechanisms
                                1. Simple Diffusion
                                  1. Lipid Solubility Requirements
                                    1. Permeability Factors
                                    2. Facilitated Diffusion
                                      1. Carrier Protein Mechanisms
                                        1. Channel Protein Functions
                                        2. Ion Channels
                                          1. Voltage-Gated Channels
                                            1. Ligand-Gated Channels
                                              1. Mechanically-Gated Channels
                                                1. Leak Channels
                                              2. Active Transport Mechanisms
                                                1. Primary Active Transport
                                                  1. ATP-Powered Pumps
                                                    1. Sodium-Potassium Pump
                                                      1. Calcium Pumps
                                                        1. Proton Pumps
                                                        2. Secondary Active Transport
                                                          1. Cotransport Mechanisms
                                                            1. Symporters
                                                              1. Antiporters
                                                                1. Electrochemical Gradients
                                                              2. Bulk Transport
                                                                1. Endocytosis
                                                                  1. Phagocytosis
                                                                    1. Pinocytosis
                                                                      1. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
                                                                      2. Exocytosis
                                                                        1. Vesicle Fusion
                                                                          1. Secretion Mechanisms
                                                                      3. Cell-to-Cell Communication
                                                                        1. Direct Cell Communication
                                                                          1. Gap Junctions
                                                                            1. Connexin Proteins
                                                                              1. Electrical Coupling
                                                                                1. Metabolic Coupling
                                                                                2. Plasmodesmata in Plant Cells
                                                                                3. Chemical Signaling
                                                                                  1. Membrane Receptors
                                                                                    1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors
                                                                                      1. Ion Channel Receptors
                                                                                        1. Enzyme-Linked Receptors
                                                                                        2. Intracellular Receptors
                                                                                          1. Steroid Hormone Receptors
                                                                                            1. Nuclear Receptors
                                                                                          2. Signal Transduction Pathways
                                                                                            1. Second Messenger Systems
                                                                                              1. Cyclic AMP Pathway
                                                                                                1. Inositol Phosphate Pathway
                                                                                                  1. Calcium Signaling
                                                                                                  2. Protein Kinase Cascades
                                                                                                    1. Signal Amplification
                                                                                                      1. Signal Integration
                                                                                                      2. Gene Expression Regulation
                                                                                                        1. Transcriptional Control
                                                                                                          1. Post-Transcriptional Control

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                                                                                                    1. Fundamental Principles of Animal Physiology

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                                                                                                    3. Nervous System and Neuronal Communication