Animal Physiology

  1. Musculoskeletal System and Movement
    1. Skeletal Systems
      1. Hydrostatic Skeletons
        1. Fluid-Filled Body Cavities
          1. Muscle Arrangement
            1. Movement Mechanisms
              1. Examples in Invertebrates
              2. Exoskeletons
                1. Cuticular Composition
                  1. Molting Process
                    1. Advantages and Limitations
                      1. Arthropod Examples
                      2. Endoskeletons
                        1. Bone Composition
                          1. Organic Matrix
                            1. Mineral Components
                            2. Bone Types
                              1. Compact Bone
                                1. Spongy Bone
                                2. Cartilage
                                  1. Structure and Function
                                    1. Types of Cartilage
                                    2. Joint Classifications
                                      1. Synovial Joints
                                        1. Cartilaginous Joints
                                          1. Fibrous Joints
                                      2. Muscle Tissue Types
                                        1. Skeletal Muscle
                                          1. Muscle Fiber Structure
                                            1. Multinucleated Cells
                                              1. Myofibrils
                                                1. Sarcomere Organization
                                                2. Contractile Proteins
                                                  1. Actin Filaments
                                                    1. Myosin Filaments
                                                      1. Regulatory Proteins
                                                        1. Tropomyosin
                                                          1. Troponin
                                                        2. Sliding Filament Mechanism
                                                          1. Cross-Bridge Cycle
                                                            1. ATP Requirements
                                                              1. Calcium Regulation
                                                              2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
                                                                1. Neuromuscular Junction
                                                                  1. Action Potential Propagation
                                                                    1. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
                                                                      1. Calcium Release and Uptake
                                                                      2. Muscle Contraction Control
                                                                        1. Motor Units
                                                                          1. Recruitment
                                                                            1. Summation
                                                                              1. Tetanus
                                                                              2. Muscle Fiber Types
                                                                                1. Slow-Twitch Fibers
                                                                                  1. Fast-Twitch Fibers
                                                                                    1. Metabolic Differences
                                                                                  2. Smooth Muscle
                                                                                    1. Single-Unit Smooth Muscle
                                                                                      1. Gap Junctions
                                                                                        1. Synchronized Contraction
                                                                                        2. Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle
                                                                                          1. Independent Control
                                                                                          2. Contraction Mechanisms
                                                                                            1. Calcium-Calmodulin
                                                                                              1. Myosin Light Chain Kinase
                                                                                              2. Regulation
                                                                                                1. Autonomic Control
                                                                                                  1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                    1. Local Factors
                                                                                                  2. Cardiac Muscle
                                                                                                    1. Intercalated Discs
                                                                                                      1. Gap Junctions
                                                                                                        1. Pacemaker Cells
                                                                                                          1. Sinoatrial Node
                                                                                                            1. Atrioventricular Node
                                                                                                            2. Conduction System
                                                                                                              1. Calcium Handling
                                                                                                                1. Refractory Period
                                                                                                              2. Locomotion Mechanisms
                                                                                                                1. Aquatic Locomotion
                                                                                                                  1. Swimming Mechanisms
                                                                                                                    1. Undulatory Propulsion
                                                                                                                      1. Oscillatory Propulsion
                                                                                                                      2. Jet Propulsion
                                                                                                                        1. Cephalopod Locomotion
                                                                                                                          1. Cnidarian Locomotion
                                                                                                                          2. Hydrodynamic Principles
                                                                                                                            1. Drag Forces
                                                                                                                              1. Lift Forces
                                                                                                                                1. Reynolds Numbers
                                                                                                                              2. Terrestrial Locomotion
                                                                                                                                1. Walking Gaits
                                                                                                                                  1. Quadrupedal Gaits
                                                                                                                                    1. Bipedal Gaits
                                                                                                                                    2. Running Mechanics
                                                                                                                                      1. Stride Frequency
                                                                                                                                        1. Stride Length
                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                          2. Jumping Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                            1. Elastic Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                              1. Power Amplification
                                                                                                                                            2. Aerial Locomotion
                                                                                                                                              1. Insect Flight
                                                                                                                                                1. Wing Structure
                                                                                                                                                  1. Flight Muscles
                                                                                                                                                    1. Wing Beat Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                    2. Bird Flight
                                                                                                                                                      1. Wing Morphology
                                                                                                                                                        1. Flight Muscles
                                                                                                                                                          1. Aerodynamic Principles
                                                                                                                                                          2. Gliding Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                          3. Specialized Locomotion
                                                                                                                                                            1. Burrowing
                                                                                                                                                              1. Climbing
                                                                                                                                                                1. Brachiating

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                                                                                                                                                            5. Endocrine System and Hormonal Control

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                                                                                                                                                            7. Circulatory and Gas Exchange Systems