Plant Physiology

  1. Plant Growth and Development
    1. Fundamental Concepts
      1. Growth vs Development
        1. Quantitative Changes
          1. Qualitative Changes
            1. Irreversible Processes
            2. Developmental Programs
              1. Genetic Control
                1. Environmental Modulation
                  1. Epigenetic Regulation
                  2. Cellular Basis of Growth
                    1. Cell Division
                      1. Cell Expansion
                        1. Cell Differentiation
                      2. Seed Biology
                        1. Seed Structure
                          1. Embryo Organization
                            1. Shoot Apical Meristem
                              1. Root Apical Meristem
                                1. Cotyledons
                                  1. Hypocotyl-Root Axis
                                  2. Endosperm
                                    1. Nutritive Function
                                      1. Storage Compounds
                                        1. Mobilization Enzymes
                                        2. Seed Coat
                                          1. Protective Function
                                            1. Permeability Control
                                              1. Dormancy Mechanisms
                                            2. Seed Dormancy
                                              1. Types of Dormancy
                                                1. Physical Dormancy
                                                  1. Impermeable Seed Coat
                                                    1. Mechanical Resistance
                                                    2. Physiological Dormancy
                                                      1. Embryo Immaturity
                                                        1. Inhibitor Presence
                                                        2. Morphological Dormancy
                                                          1. Underdeveloped Embryo
                                                          2. Combinational Dormancy
                                                          3. Dormancy Breaking
                                                            1. Scarification
                                                              1. Stratification
                                                                1. Chemical Treatments
                                                                  1. Environmental Cues
                                                                2. Germination Process
                                                                  1. Imbibition
                                                                    1. Water Uptake
                                                                      1. Metabolic Activation
                                                                      2. Metabolic Reactivation
                                                                        1. Enzyme Synthesis
                                                                          1. Respiratory Increase
                                                                            1. Protein Synthesis
                                                                            2. Reserve Mobilization
                                                                              1. Starch Breakdown
                                                                                1. Protein Hydrolysis
                                                                                  1. Lipid Catabolism
                                                                                  2. Radicle Emergence
                                                                                    1. Cell Wall Loosening
                                                                                      1. Turgor-Driven Growth
                                                                                      2. Seedling Establishment
                                                                                        1. Photomorphogenesis
                                                                                          1. Autotrophic Transition
                                                                                      3. Meristematic Activity
                                                                                        1. Apical Meristems
                                                                                          1. Shoot Apical Meristem
                                                                                            1. Organization and Zonation
                                                                                              1. Stem Cell Maintenance
                                                                                                1. Organ Initiation
                                                                                                  1. Phyllotaxy Patterns
                                                                                                  2. Root Apical Meristem
                                                                                                    1. Organization and Zonation
                                                                                                      1. Root Cap Function
                                                                                                        1. Growth Zones
                                                                                                          1. Lateral Root Initiation
                                                                                                        2. Lateral Meristems
                                                                                                          1. Vascular Cambium
                                                                                                            1. Cambial Initial Cells
                                                                                                              1. Secondary Xylem Formation
                                                                                                                1. Secondary Phloem Formation
                                                                                                                  1. Seasonal Activity
                                                                                                                  2. Cork Cambium
                                                                                                                    1. Periderm Formation
                                                                                                                      1. Cork Cell Development
                                                                                                                        1. Protective Function
                                                                                                                      2. Intercalary Meristems
                                                                                                                        1. Location and Function
                                                                                                                          1. Grass Growth Patterns
                                                                                                                            1. Node and Internode Development
                                                                                                                          2. Primary Growth
                                                                                                                            1. Shoot Development
                                                                                                                              1. Apical Dominance
                                                                                                                                1. Auxin Control
                                                                                                                                  1. Lateral Bud Suppression
                                                                                                                                  2. Leaf Development
                                                                                                                                    1. Leaf Primordia Formation
                                                                                                                                      1. Leaf Expansion
                                                                                                                                        1. Vascular Differentiation
                                                                                                                                        2. Stem Elongation
                                                                                                                                          1. Internode Extension
                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Wall Modification
                                                                                                                                              1. Turgor-Driven Growth
                                                                                                                                            2. Root Development
                                                                                                                                              1. Primary Root Growth
                                                                                                                                                1. Elongation Zone
                                                                                                                                                  1. Maturation Zone
                                                                                                                                                    1. Root Hair Development
                                                                                                                                                    2. Lateral Root Formation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Pericycle Activity
                                                                                                                                                        1. Emergence Process
                                                                                                                                                          1. Vascular Connection
                                                                                                                                                          2. Root System Architecture
                                                                                                                                                            1. Branching Patterns
                                                                                                                                                              1. Gravitropic Responses
                                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                            2. Secondary Growth
                                                                                                                                                              1. Cambial Activity
                                                                                                                                                                1. Cell Division Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Periclinal Divisions
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anticlinal Divisions
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Seasonal Variations
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spring Wood Formation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Summer Wood Formation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dormancy Periods
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Wood Formation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Secondary Xylem Development
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vessel Element Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fiber Development
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Parenchyma Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Annual Ring Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Early Wood
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Late Wood
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Ring Boundaries
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Bark Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Secondary Phloem Development
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sieve Element Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Companion Cell Development
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Periderm Development
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cork Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lenticel Development
                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Reproductive Development
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Floral Transition
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vegetative to Reproductive Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Triggers
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genetic Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hormonal Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Flower Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Floral Meristem Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Organ Identity Specification
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. ABC Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Homeotic Genes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Floral Organ Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sepals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Petals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stamens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Carpels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pollination and Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pollen Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Microsporogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Microgametogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Ovule Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Megasporogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Megagametogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fertilization Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pollen Tube Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Double Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Embryo and Endosperm Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Fruit and Seed Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fruit Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ovary Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Accessory Tissue Involvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Seed Maturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Embryo Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reserve Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Desiccation Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fruit Ripening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biochemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Senescence Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Senescence and Death
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Leaf Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Developmental Program
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Triggers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nutrient Remobilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chlorophyll Breakdown
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Organ Abscission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Abscission Zone Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Wall Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Whole Plant Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Monocarpic Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Reproductive Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Programmed Cell Death

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                10. Plant Hormones and Signaling