Plant Physiology

  1. Photosynthesis
    1. Light and Photosynthetic Pigments
      1. Nature of Light
        1. Wave-Particle Duality
          1. Electromagnetic Spectrum
            1. Photon Energy
            2. Photosynthetically Active Radiation
              1. Wavelength Range
                1. Energy Content
                  1. Atmospheric Filtering
                  2. Photosynthetic Pigments
                    1. Chlorophylls
                      1. Chlorophyll a
                        1. Structure and Properties
                          1. Absorption Spectrum
                            1. Primary Photochemistry
                            2. Chlorophyll b
                              1. Structure and Properties
                                1. Accessory Function
                                  1. Light Harvesting
                                  2. Chlorophyll Distribution
                                  3. Carotenoids
                                    1. Carotenes
                                      1. Structure and Function
                                        1. Beta-Carotene
                                        2. Xanthophylls
                                          1. Structure and Function
                                            1. Protective Roles
                                            2. Photoprotection Mechanisms
                                              1. Excess Energy Dissipation
                                                1. Singlet Oxygen Quenching
                                              2. Absorption and Action Spectra
                                                1. Measurement Techniques
                                                  1. Interpretation of Data
                                                    1. Pigment Effectiveness
                                                2. Light-Dependent Reactions
                                                  1. Thylakoid Membrane Organization
                                                    1. Grana Structure
                                                      1. Stroma Lamellae
                                                        1. Membrane Composition
                                                        2. Photosystems
                                                          1. Photosystem II
                                                            1. Reaction Center
                                                              1. Light-Harvesting Complex
                                                                1. Water-Splitting Complex
                                                                  1. Oxygen Evolution
                                                                  2. Photosystem I
                                                                    1. Reaction Center
                                                                      1. Light-Harvesting Complex
                                                                        1. NADPH Formation
                                                                        2. Photosystem Cooperation
                                                                          1. Z-Scheme
                                                                            1. Energy Transfer
                                                                          2. Electron Transport Chain
                                                                            1. Primary Photochemistry
                                                                              1. Charge Separation
                                                                                1. Electron Donors and Acceptors
                                                                                2. Electron Carriers
                                                                                  1. Plastoquinone
                                                                                    1. Cytochrome b6f Complex
                                                                                      1. Plastocyanin
                                                                                        1. Ferredoxin
                                                                                        2. Proton Pumping
                                                                                          1. Electrochemical Gradient
                                                                                            1. Chemiosmotic Theory
                                                                                          2. Photophosphorylation
                                                                                            1. ATP Synthase Structure
                                                                                              1. CF0-CF1 Complex
                                                                                                1. Proton Channel
                                                                                                  1. Catalytic Mechanism
                                                                                                  2. Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
                                                                                                    1. Linear Electron Flow
                                                                                                      1. ATP and NADPH Production
                                                                                                      2. Cyclic Photophosphorylation
                                                                                                        1. Cyclic Electron Flow
                                                                                                          1. ATP Production Only
                                                                                                          2. Regulation of Photophosphorylation
                                                                                                            1. Light Intensity Effects
                                                                                                              1. Energy Demand
                                                                                                          3. Carbon Fixation Reactions
                                                                                                            1. Calvin Cycle Location
                                                                                                              1. Stroma Environment
                                                                                                                1. Enzyme Distribution
                                                                                                                2. Calvin Cycle Phases
                                                                                                                  1. Carboxylation Phase
                                                                                                                    1. RuBisCO Structure and Function
                                                                                                                      1. CO2 Fixation
                                                                                                                        1. 3-Phosphoglycerate Formation
                                                                                                                        2. Reduction Phase
                                                                                                                          1. ATP and NADPH Utilization
                                                                                                                            1. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Formation
                                                                                                                              1. Energy Investment
                                                                                                                              2. Regeneration Phase
                                                                                                                                1. RuBP Regeneration
                                                                                                                                  1. Complex Rearrangements
                                                                                                                                    1. Cycle Completion
                                                                                                                                  2. Calvin Cycle Regulation
                                                                                                                                    1. Light Regulation
                                                                                                                                      1. Thioredoxin System
                                                                                                                                        1. Enzyme Activation
                                                                                                                                        2. Metabolite Regulation
                                                                                                                                          1. Allosteric Control
                                                                                                                                            1. Product Inhibition
                                                                                                                                            2. pH and Mg2+ Effects
                                                                                                                                              1. Stromal Environment
                                                                                                                                                1. Enzyme Activity
                                                                                                                                            3. Alternative Photosynthetic Pathways
                                                                                                                                              1. Photorespiration
                                                                                                                                                1. RuBisCO Oxygenase Activity
                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen Competition
                                                                                                                                                    1. 2-Phosphoglycolate Formation
                                                                                                                                                    2. Photorespiratory Pathway
                                                                                                                                                      1. Peroxisome Function
                                                                                                                                                        1. Mitochondrial Role
                                                                                                                                                          1. Glycine-Serine Conversion
                                                                                                                                                          2. Consequences of Photorespiration
                                                                                                                                                            1. Energy Loss
                                                                                                                                                              1. CO2 Release
                                                                                                                                                                1. Reduced Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                2. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                    1. CO2/O2 Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                  2. C4 Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Kranz Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bundle Sheath Cells
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mesophyll Cells
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spatial Organization
                                                                                                                                                                          2. C4 Biochemical Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                            1. PEP Carboxylase Function
                                                                                                                                                                              1. C4 Acid Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Decarboxylation Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                2. CO2 Concentrating Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spatial Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reduced Photorespiration
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Enhanced Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. C4 Plant Examples
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Maize
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sugarcane
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sorghum
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temporal Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nighttime CO2 Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Daytime Decarboxylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stomatal Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. CAM Biochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Malate Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acid Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Decarboxylation Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reduced Transpiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Desert Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. CAM Plant Examples
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cacti
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Succulents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pineapple
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Light Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Light Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Light Saturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Light Compensation Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shade Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Light Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wavelength Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Red/Far-Red Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Photoperiod
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Day Length Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Seasonal Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Carbon Dioxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. CO2 Concentration Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. CO2 Saturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CO2 Compensation Point
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Atmospheric Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. CO2 Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stomatal Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mesophyll Conductance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Enzyme Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Optimum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Thermal Denaturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Membrane Fluidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phase Transitions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Transport Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Photorespiration Temperature Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Water Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stomatal Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Stress Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. CO2 Limitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Photosystem Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dehydration Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Recovery Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Internal Leaf Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mesophyll Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Arrangement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chloroplast Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Intercellular Spaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gas Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CO2 Diffusion Pathways

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              5. Plant Mineral Nutrition

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              7. Respiration and Energy Metabolism