Plant Physiology

  1. Water Relations and Transport
    1. Properties of Water
      1. Molecular Structure
        1. Polarity
          1. Hydrogen Bonding
            1. Molecular Geometry
            2. Physical Properties
              1. Cohesion
                1. Water-Water Interactions
                  1. Tensile Strength
                  2. Adhesion
                    1. Water-Surface Interactions
                      1. Wetting Properties
                      2. Surface Tension
                        1. Molecular Basis
                          1. Biological Significance
                        2. Thermal Properties
                          1. High Specific Heat
                            1. Heat of Vaporization
                              1. Thermal Stability
                              2. Solvent Properties
                                1. Dissolving Ionic Compounds
                                  1. Dissolving Polar Molecules
                                    1. Hydration Shells
                                  2. Water Potential Concepts
                                    1. Definition and Significance
                                      1. Thermodynamic Basis
                                        1. Units of Measurement
                                          1. Direction of Water Movement
                                          2. Components of Water Potential
                                            1. Solute Potential
                                              1. Osmotic Effects
                                                1. Concentration Dependence
                                                  1. Van't Hoff Equation
                                                  2. Pressure Potential
                                                    1. Turgor Pressure
                                                      1. Hydrostatic Pressure
                                                        1. Wall Pressure
                                                        2. Gravity Potential
                                                          1. Gravitational Effects
                                                            1. Height Considerations
                                                            2. Matric Potential
                                                              1. Surface Interactions
                                                                1. Soil Water Relations
                                                              2. Water Potential Calculations
                                                                1. Additive Nature of Components
                                                                  1. Equilibrium Conditions
                                                                  2. Measurement Techniques
                                                                    1. Pressure Chamber Method
                                                                      1. Principle and Procedure
                                                                        1. Applications and Limitations
                                                                        2. Psychrometers
                                                                          1. Vapor Pressure Measurement
                                                                            1. Thermocouple Psychrometry
                                                                            2. Osmometers
                                                                              1. Freezing Point Depression
                                                                                1. Vapor Pressure Osmometry
                                                                            3. Membrane Transport Mechanisms
                                                                              1. Membrane Structure and Permeability
                                                                                1. Lipid Bilayer Properties
                                                                                  1. Protein-Mediated Transport
                                                                                    1. Permeability Coefficients
                                                                                    2. Passive Transport
                                                                                      1. Simple Diffusion
                                                                                        1. Fick's Law
                                                                                          1. Factors Affecting Rate
                                                                                            1. Concentration Gradient
                                                                                              1. Temperature
                                                                                                1. Membrane Thickness
                                                                                                  1. Molecular Size
                                                                                                2. Facilitated Diffusion
                                                                                                  1. Channel Proteins
                                                                                                    1. Ion Channels
                                                                                                      1. Aquaporins
                                                                                                        1. Gating Mechanisms
                                                                                                        2. Carrier Proteins
                                                                                                          1. Conformational Changes
                                                                                                            1. Saturation Kinetics
                                                                                                              1. Specificity
                                                                                                          2. Active Transport
                                                                                                            1. Primary Active Transport
                                                                                                              1. ATP-Driven Pumps
                                                                                                                1. P-Type ATPases
                                                                                                                  1. V-Type ATPases
                                                                                                                    1. ABC Transporters
                                                                                                                    2. Energy Coupling
                                                                                                                    3. Secondary Active Transport
                                                                                                                      1. Electrochemical Gradients
                                                                                                                        1. Symporters
                                                                                                                          1. Co-transport Mechanisms
                                                                                                                          2. Antiporters
                                                                                                                            1. Counter-transport Mechanisms
                                                                                                                        2. Osmosis
                                                                                                                          1. Water Movement Principles
                                                                                                                            1. Selective Permeability
                                                                                                                              1. Osmotic Pressure
                                                                                                                              2. Aquaporins
                                                                                                                                1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                  1. Regulation
                                                                                                                                    1. Distribution in Plant Tissues
                                                                                                                                2. Water Absorption and Root Function
                                                                                                                                  1. Root Structure for Water Absorption
                                                                                                                                    1. Root Hair Development
                                                                                                                                      1. Formation and Growth
                                                                                                                                        1. Surface Area Enhancement
                                                                                                                                          1. Lifespan and Turnover
                                                                                                                                          2. Root Anatomy
                                                                                                                                            1. Epidermis
                                                                                                                                              1. Cortex
                                                                                                                                                1. Endodermis
                                                                                                                                                  1. Vascular Cylinder
                                                                                                                                                2. Pathways of Water Movement
                                                                                                                                                  1. Apoplastic Pathway
                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell Wall Route
                                                                                                                                                      1. Bulk Flow
                                                                                                                                                        1. Resistance Factors
                                                                                                                                                        2. Symplastic Pathway
                                                                                                                                                          1. Plasmodesmatal Route
                                                                                                                                                            1. Cytoplasmic Continuity
                                                                                                                                                            2. Transmembrane Pathway
                                                                                                                                                              1. Membrane Crossing
                                                                                                                                                                1. Aquaporin Involvement
                                                                                                                                                              2. Endodermal Barrier
                                                                                                                                                                1. Casparian Strip
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Composition
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Suberin and Lignin Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Barrier Function
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Passage Cells
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Selective Permeability
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Root Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mechanism of Generation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Active Ion Transport
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Osmotic Water Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Guttation Phenomenon
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Water Transport in Xylem
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Xylem Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vessel Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Perforation Plates
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pit Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Diameter and Length
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Tracheids
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bordered Pits
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Torus-Margo Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Safety Features
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cohesion-Tension Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Transpirational Pull
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Leaf Water Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tension Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pressure Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cohesion in Xylem
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Column Integrity
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hydrogen Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tensile Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Adhesion to Xylem Walls
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wall-Water Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Capillary Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cavitation and Embolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes of Cavitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Freeze-Thaw Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Drought Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pathogen Blockage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Consequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reduced Conductivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hydraulic Failure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Repair Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Refilling Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. New Vessel Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Factors Affecting Xylem Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vessel Diameter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Path Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Transpiration and Water Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanism of Transpiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Evaporation from Leaf Surfaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vapor Pressure Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Diffusion Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Stomatal Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Guard Cell Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Wall Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chloroplast Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Vacuolar System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Guard Cell Physiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ion Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Osmotic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Turgor Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Environmental Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Light Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. CO2 Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Humidity Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Light Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Photosynthetic Demand
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stomatal Opening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vapor Pressure Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Enzyme Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Humidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vapor Pressure Deficit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Boundary Layer Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Wind
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Boundary Layer Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Convective Heat Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cuticular Transpiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cuticle Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wax Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Permeability Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Role in Water Loss Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Barrier Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Adaptations

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Plant Tissues and Organ Systems

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5. Plant Mineral Nutrition