Plant Physiology

2.

Plant Cell Structure and Function

2.1.

The Plant Cell as the Unit of Life

2.1.1.

Comparison with Animal and Bacterial Cells

2.1.2.

Unique Features of Plant Cells

2.1.3.

Cell Theory and Plant Biology

2.2.

Protoplast Structure and Function

2.2.1.

Plasma Membrane

2.2.1.1.

Lipid Bilayer Composition

2.2.1.1.1.

2.2.1.1.2.

2.2.1.1.3.

2.2.1.2.

Membrane Proteins

2.2.1.2.1.

Integral Proteins

2.2.1.2.2.

Peripheral Proteins

2.2.1.2.3.

Protein Functions

2.2.1.3.

Selective Permeability

2.2.1.3.1.

Factors Affecting Permeability

2.2.1.3.2.

Membrane Fluidity

2.2.2.

Cytoplasm and Cytosol

2.2.2.1.

Composition and Properties

2.2.2.2.

Cytoplasmic Streaming

2.2.2.2.1.

Mechanism and Function

2.2.2.2.2.

Role in Transport

2.2.2.3.

2.2.2.3.1.

Cytoplasmic States

2.2.2.3.2.

Regulation of Consistency

2.2.3.

2.2.3.1.

Nuclear Envelope

2.2.3.1.1.

Double Membrane Structure

2.2.3.1.2.

2.2.3.1.3.

2.2.3.2.

Chromatin and DNA Organization

2.2.3.2.1.

Chromosome Structure

2.2.3.2.2.

Histone Proteins

2.2.3.2.3.

2.2.3.3.

2.2.3.3.1.

Structure and Composition

2.2.3.3.2.

Ribosome Biogenesis

2.2.4.

Vacuole and Tonoplast

2.2.4.1.

Vacuolar Structure

2.2.4.1.1.

Central Vacuole

2.2.4.1.2.

Smaller Vacuoles

2.2.4.2.

Tonoplast Properties

2.2.4.2.1.

Membrane Composition

2.2.4.2.2.

Transport Proteins

2.2.4.3.

Vacuolar Functions

2.2.4.3.1.

Storage Functions

2.2.4.3.2.

Turgor Maintenance

2.2.4.3.3.

2.2.4.3.4.

2.2.5.

2.2.5.1.

General Plastid Structure

2.2.5.1.1.

Double Membrane System

2.2.5.1.2.

Plastid DNA and Ribosomes

2.2.5.1.3.

Plastid Division

2.2.5.2.

2.2.5.2.1.

Thylakoid System

2.2.5.2.1.1.

Grana Structure

2.2.5.2.1.2.

Stroma Lamellae

2.2.5.2.1.3.

Thylakoid Lumen

2.2.5.2.2.

2.2.5.2.2.1.

Composition and Function

2.2.5.2.2.2.

2.2.5.2.3.

Photosynthetic Function

2.2.5.3.

2.2.5.3.1.

Structure and Development

2.2.5.3.2.

Pigment Storage

2.2.5.3.2.1.

2.2.5.3.2.2.

2.2.5.3.3.

Role in Fruit and Flower Coloration

2.2.5.4.

2.2.5.4.1.

2.2.5.4.1.1.

Starch Grain Formation

2.2.5.4.1.2.

2.2.5.4.2.

2.2.5.4.2.1.

2.2.5.4.2.2.

Oil Body Formation

2.2.5.4.3.

2.2.5.4.3.1.

Protein Storage

2.2.5.4.3.2.

Protein Body Formation

2.2.6.

2.2.6.1.

2.2.6.1.1.

2.2.6.1.2.

2.2.6.1.3.

Cristae Formation

2.2.6.1.4.

Matrix Composition

2.2.6.2.

2.2.6.2.1.

Cellular Respiration

2.2.6.2.2.

2.2.6.2.3.

Metabolic Pathways

2.2.6.3.

Plant-Specific Features

2.2.6.3.1.

Alternative Oxidase

2.2.6.3.2.

Uncoupling Proteins

2.2.7.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

2.2.7.1.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

2.2.7.1.1.

Ribosome Attachment

2.2.7.1.2.

Protein Synthesis

2.2.7.1.3.

Protein Modification

2.2.7.2.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

2.2.7.2.1.

Lipid Synthesis

2.2.7.2.2.

Membrane Production

2.2.7.2.3.

2.2.8.

Golgi Apparatus

2.2.8.1.

Structure and Organization

2.2.8.1.1.

Cisternae Arrangement

2.2.8.1.2.

Cis and Trans Faces

2.2.8.2.

2.2.8.2.1.

Protein Processing

2.2.8.2.2.

Polysaccharide Synthesis

2.2.8.2.3.

Vesicle Formation

2.2.8.2.4.

2.2.9.

2.2.9.1.

Structure and Composition

2.2.9.1.1.

2.2.9.1.2.

Ribosomal Proteins

2.2.9.1.3.

Subunit Organization

2.2.9.2.

Types and Locations

2.2.9.2.1.

Cytosolic Ribosomes

2.2.9.2.2.

Organellar Ribosomes

2.2.9.2.3.

Membrane-Bound Ribosomes

2.2.9.3.

Protein Synthesis Function

2.2.10.

2.2.10.1.

2.2.10.1.1.

Tubulin Structure

2.2.10.1.2.

Organization and Dynamics

2.2.10.1.3.

Functions in Cell Division

2.2.10.2.

2.2.10.2.1.

Actin Structure

2.2.10.2.2.

Organization and Dynamics

2.2.10.2.3.

Role in Cytoplasmic Streaming

2.2.10.3.

Intermediate Filaments

2.2.10.3.1.

Structure and Function

2.2.10.4.

2.2.10.4.1.

Cell Shape Maintenance

2.2.10.4.2.

Organelle Movement

2.2.10.4.3.

2.3.

Cell Wall Structure and Function

2.3.1.

Cell Wall Composition

2.3.1.1.

2.3.1.1.1.

Structure and Properties

2.3.1.1.2.

Cellulose Microfibrils

2.3.1.2.

2.3.1.2.1.

Types and Structure

2.3.1.2.2.

Cross-linking Function

2.3.1.3.

2.3.1.3.1.

Structure and Properties

2.3.1.3.2.

2.3.1.4.

2.3.1.4.1.

Structure and Properties

2.3.1.4.2.

Strengthening Function

2.3.1.5.

2.3.1.5.1.

Structural Proteins

2.3.1.5.2.

2.3.2.

Primary Cell Wall

2.3.2.1.

Structure and Organization

2.3.2.1.1.

Microfibril Arrangement

2.3.2.1.2.

Matrix Components

2.3.2.2.

2.3.2.2.1.

Structural Support

2.3.2.2.2.

Growth Accommodation

2.3.2.2.3.

2.3.2.3.

Growth and Expansion

2.3.2.3.1.

Cell Wall Loosening

2.3.2.3.2.

Turgor-Driven Expansion

2.3.3.

Secondary Cell Wall

2.3.3.1.

Formation and Development

2.3.3.1.1.

Deposition Patterns

2.3.3.1.2.

Thickening Process

2.3.3.2.

2.3.3.2.1.

Lignin Deposition

2.3.3.2.2.

Mechanical Properties

2.3.3.3.

Specialized Functions

2.3.3.3.1.

Water Transport

2.3.3.3.2.

Mechanical Support

2.3.4.

2.3.4.1.

2.3.4.1.1.

2.3.4.1.2.

Calcium Pectate

2.3.4.2.

2.3.4.2.1.

2.3.4.2.2.

Intercellular Cement

2.3.5.

2.3.5.1.

2.3.5.1.1.

Plasma Membrane Continuity

2.3.5.1.2.

2.3.5.1.3.

Cytoplasmic Sleeve

2.3.5.2.

2.3.5.2.1.

Symplastic Transport

2.3.5.2.2.

Cell-to-Cell Communication

2.3.5.2.3.

Molecular Trafficking

2.3.5.3.

2.3.5.3.1.

Size Exclusion Limits

2.3.5.3.2.

Gating Mechanisms

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1. Introduction to Plant Physiology

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3. Plant Tissues and Organ Systems