Plant Physiology

  1. Respiration and Energy Metabolism
    1. Overview of Cellular Respiration
      1. Role in Plant Metabolism
        1. Energy Production
          1. Carbon Skeleton Provision
            1. Metabolic Integration
            2. Comparison with Photosynthesis
              1. Complementary Processes
                1. Day-Night Cycles
                  1. Tissue Specificity
                  2. Types of Respiration
                    1. Aerobic Respiration
                      1. Anaerobic Respiration
                        1. Fermentation
                      2. Glycolysis
                        1. Location and Organization
                          1. Cytosolic Pathway
                            1. Enzyme Distribution
                            2. Glycolytic Pathway
                              1. Glucose Activation
                                1. Hexokinase Reaction
                                  1. Phosphorylation Steps
                                  2. Sugar Cleavage
                                    1. Aldolase Reaction
                                      1. Triose Formation
                                      2. Energy Harvest
                                        1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
                                          1. NADH Formation
                                            1. Pyruvate Production
                                          2. Regulation of Glycolysis
                                            1. Allosteric Control
                                              1. Product Inhibition
                                                1. Energy Charge Effects
                                                2. Alternative Substrates
                                                  1. Starch Breakdown
                                                    1. Sucrose Metabolism
                                                      1. Fructan Utilization
                                                    2. Krebs Cycle
                                                      1. Location and Organization
                                                        1. Mitochondrial Matrix
                                                          1. Enzyme Complex Organization
                                                          2. Cycle Reactions
                                                            1. Pyruvate Oxidation
                                                              1. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
                                                                1. Acetyl-CoA Formation
                                                                  1. CO2 Release
                                                                  2. Citrate Formation
                                                                    1. Citrate Synthase
                                                                      1. Condensation Reaction
                                                                      2. Oxidative Decarboxylations
                                                                        1. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
                                                                          1. α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
                                                                            1. NADH Production
                                                                            2. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
                                                                              1. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase
                                                                                1. GTP/ATP Formation
                                                                                2. Regeneration Reactions
                                                                                  1. Succinate Dehydrogenase
                                                                                    1. Fumarase
                                                                                      1. Malate Dehydrogenase
                                                                                    2. Regulation of Krebs Cycle
                                                                                      1. Allosteric Control
                                                                                        1. NAD+/NADH Ratios
                                                                                          1. Energy Charge
                                                                                          2. Anaplerotic Reactions
                                                                                            1. Oxaloacetate Replenishment
                                                                                              1. PEP Carboxylase
                                                                                                1. Glyoxylate Cycle
                                                                                              2. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
                                                                                                1. Mitochondrial Structure
                                                                                                  1. Inner Membrane Organization
                                                                                                    1. Cristae Formation
                                                                                                      1. Matrix Composition
                                                                                                      2. Electron Transport Chain
                                                                                                        1. Complex I
                                                                                                          1. NADH Dehydrogenase
                                                                                                            1. Proton Pumping
                                                                                                            2. Complex II
                                                                                                              1. Succinate Dehydrogenase
                                                                                                                1. Electron Entry Point
                                                                                                                2. Complex III
                                                                                                                  1. Cytochrome bc1 Complex
                                                                                                                    1. Q-Cycle
                                                                                                                    2. Complex IV
                                                                                                                      1. Cytochrome c Oxidase
                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Reduction
                                                                                                                        2. Mobile Carriers
                                                                                                                          1. Ubiquinone
                                                                                                                            1. Cytochrome c
                                                                                                                          2. Chemiosmotic Theory
                                                                                                                            1. Proton Gradient Formation
                                                                                                                              1. Electrochemical Potential
                                                                                                                                1. Mitchell's Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                2. ATP Synthase
                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                    1. Rotational Mechanism
                                                                                                                                      1. Proton-Driven Synthesis
                                                                                                                                      2. Alternative Pathways
                                                                                                                                        1. Alternative Oxidase
                                                                                                                                          1. Cyanide-Resistant Respiration
                                                                                                                                            1. Heat Production
                                                                                                                                            2. Uncoupling Proteins
                                                                                                                                              1. Energy Dissipation
                                                                                                                                                1. Thermogenesis
                                                                                                                                            3. Fermentation Pathways
                                                                                                                                              1. Conditions for Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                1. Oxygen Limitation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Anaerobic Environments
                                                                                                                                                    1. Tissue Specificity
                                                                                                                                                    2. Alcoholic Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Pyruvate Decarboxylase
                                                                                                                                                        1. Alcohol Dehydrogenase
                                                                                                                                                          1. Ethanol Production
                                                                                                                                                            1. NAD+ Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                            2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Lactate Dehydrogenase
                                                                                                                                                                1. Lactate Production
                                                                                                                                                                  1. pH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Other Fermentation Types
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Malate Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mixed Acid Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pentose Phosphate Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pathway Organization
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxidative Phase
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Non-Oxidative Phase
                                                                                                                                                                          2. NADPH Production
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
                                                                                                                                                                              1. 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Reducing Power Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Ribose Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nucleotide Precursors
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. RNA Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Integration with Other Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calvin Cycle Connections
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fatty Acid Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Respiratory Control and Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Factors Affecting Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Q10 Values
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Enzyme Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Oxygen Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Diffusion Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tissue Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Substrate Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Carbohydrate Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Alternative Substrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Growth vs Maintenance Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biosynthetic Costs
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Construction Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Maintenance Respiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Protein Turnover
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ion Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cellular Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Respiratory Quotient
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. CO2/O2 Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Substrate Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Indicators

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                8. Phloem Transport and Translocation