Plant Physiology

  1. Plant Hormones and Signaling
    1. Hormone Concepts
      1. Definition and Characteristics
        1. Chemical Messengers
          1. Low Concentration Effects
            1. Distance of Action
              1. Specificity
              2. Hormone Discovery
                1. Historical Perspective
                  1. Classical Experiments
                    1. Modern Identification Methods
                    2. Hormone Classification
                      1. Chemical Structure
                        1. Biosynthetic Origin
                          1. Mode of Action
                          2. Signal Transduction
                            1. Perception
                              1. Transduction
                                1. Response
                                  1. Amplification
                                2. Auxins
                                  1. Chemical Structure and Types
                                    1. Indole-3-Acetic Acid
                                      1. Synthetic Auxins
                                        1. Auxin Precursors
                                        2. Biosynthesis and Metabolism
                                          1. Tryptophan-Dependent Pathways
                                            1. Tryptophan-Independent Pathways
                                              1. Auxin Conjugation
                                                1. Auxin Degradation
                                                2. Transport Mechanisms
                                                  1. Polar Auxin Transport
                                                    1. Carrier-Mediated Transport
                                                      1. Chemiosmotic Model
                                                        1. Transport Inhibitors
                                                        2. Physiological Effects
                                                          1. Cell Elongation
                                                            1. Acid Growth Theory
                                                              1. Cell Wall Loosening
                                                                1. Turgor Pressure Effects
                                                                2. Apical Dominance
                                                                  1. Lateral Bud Inhibition
                                                                    1. Correlative Inhibition
                                                                    2. Root Initiation
                                                                      1. Adventitious Root Formation
                                                                        1. Lateral Root Development
                                                                        2. Fruit Development
                                                                          1. Parthenocarpy
                                                                            1. Fruit Set
                                                                            2. Tropisms
                                                                              1. Phototropism
                                                                                1. Gravitropism
                                                                                  1. Thigmotropism
                                                                                2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                  1. Auxin Receptors
                                                                                    1. Gene Expression Changes
                                                                                      1. Protein Modifications
                                                                                    2. Gibberellins
                                                                                      1. Chemical Structure
                                                                                        1. Gibberellic Acid Structure
                                                                                          1. GA Families
                                                                                            1. Active vs Inactive Forms
                                                                                            2. Biosynthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                              1. Biosynthetic Pathway
                                                                                                1. Key Enzymes
                                                                                                  1. Regulation of Biosynthesis
                                                                                                    1. Catabolism
                                                                                                    2. Transport
                                                                                                      1. Long-Distance Transport
                                                                                                        1. Cell-to-Cell Movement
                                                                                                        2. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                          1. Stem Elongation
                                                                                                            1. Internode Extension
                                                                                                              1. Dwarf Mutant Rescue
                                                                                                              2. Seed Germination
                                                                                                                1. α-Amylase Induction
                                                                                                                  1. Reserve Mobilization
                                                                                                                  2. Flowering
                                                                                                                    1. Floral Induction
                                                                                                                      1. Bolting
                                                                                                                      2. Fruit Development
                                                                                                                        1. Fruit Set
                                                                                                                          1. Fruit Growth
                                                                                                                        2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                          1. DELLA Proteins
                                                                                                                            1. Transcriptional Regulation
                                                                                                                              1. Protein Degradation
                                                                                                                            2. Cytokinins
                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Structure
                                                                                                                                1. Adenine Derivatives
                                                                                                                                  1. Natural Cytokinins
                                                                                                                                    1. Synthetic Cytokinins
                                                                                                                                    2. Biosynthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                      1. Biosynthetic Pathway
                                                                                                                                        1. tRNA Degradation
                                                                                                                                          1. Cytokinin Oxidase
                                                                                                                                          2. Transport
                                                                                                                                            1. Xylem Transport
                                                                                                                                              1. Phloem Transport
                                                                                                                                                1. Root-to-Shoot Signaling
                                                                                                                                                2. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Division
                                                                                                                                                    1. Mitotic Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Meristem Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                      2. Shoot Formation
                                                                                                                                                        1. Lateral Bud Release
                                                                                                                                                          1. Shoot Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                          2. Senescence Delay
                                                                                                                                                            1. Chlorophyll Retention
                                                                                                                                                              1. Protein Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                              2. Nutrient Mobilization
                                                                                                                                                                1. Sink Strength
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Resource Allocation
                                                                                                                                                                2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cytokinin Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Two-Component System
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transcriptional Responses
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Abscisic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical Structure
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sesquiterpene Structure
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stereoisomers
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Biosynthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Carotenoid Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cleavage Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                1. ABA Catabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Long-Distance Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. pH-Dependent Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stress-Induced Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stomatal Closure
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Guard Cell Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Seed Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dormancy Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Germination Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Drought Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Salt Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cold Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. ABA Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Protein Phosphatases
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ion Channel Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Ethylene
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Simple Gaseous Hormone
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biosynthetic Precursors
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Biosynthesis and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. ACC Synthase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. ACC Oxidase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Regulation of Biosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Transport and Perception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gaseous Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ethylene Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Receptor Families
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fruit Ripening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Climacteric Fruits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ripening Cascade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Leaf Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flower Senescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Abscission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Leaf Abscission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fruit Abscission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Seedling Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Triple Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Etiolation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Receptor Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Transcription Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gene Expression Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Other Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Brassinosteroids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Biosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cell Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Jasmonates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure and Biosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Defense Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Signaling Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Salicylic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Biosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Role in Disease Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Systemic Acquired Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Strigolactones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure and Biosynthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Role in Shoot Branching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Symbiotic Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Hormone Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Synergistic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Auxin-Cytokinin Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gibberellin-Auxin Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Antagonistic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. ABA-Gibberellin Antagonism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Auxin-Ethylene Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Hormone Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Developmental Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Environmental Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cross-Talk Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Shared Signaling Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Regulatory Networks

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        9. Plant Growth and Development

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        11. Environmental Responses