Plant Physiology

  1. Environmental Responses
    1. Light Responses
      1. Photoreceptor Systems
        1. Phytochromes
          1. Structure and Properties
            1. Red/Far-Red Detection
              1. Pr/Pfr Conversion
                1. Signaling Mechanisms
                2. Cryptochromes
                  1. Blue Light Detection
                    1. Structure and Function
                      1. Circadian Clock Involvement
                      2. Phototropins
                        1. Blue Light Photoreceptors
                          1. Phototropism Mediation
                            1. Stomatal Opening
                            2. UVR8
                              1. UV-B Detection
                                1. Protective Responses
                              2. Photomorphogenic Responses
                                1. Seed Germination
                                  1. Light Requirements
                                    1. Phytochrome Control
                                    2. Seedling Development
                                      1. De-etiolation
                                        1. Chloroplast Development
                                          1. Leaf Expansion
                                          2. Shade Avoidance
                                            1. Stem Elongation
                                              1. Leaf Positioning
                                                1. Branching Patterns
                                              2. Photoperiodism
                                                1. Day Length Perception
                                                  1. Critical Day Length
                                                    1. Night Break Effects
                                                    2. Flowering Control
                                                      1. Short-Day Plants
                                                        1. Long-Day Plants
                                                          1. Day-Neutral Plants
                                                          2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                            1. Circadian Clock
                                                              1. Flowering Time Genes
                                                                1. Florigen Concept
                                                              2. Phototropism
                                                                1. Directional Growth Response
                                                                  1. Auxin Redistribution
                                                                    1. Phototropin Function
                                                                      1. Ecological Significance
                                                                    2. Gravitational Responses
                                                                      1. Gravitropism Mechanisms
                                                                        1. Gravity Perception
                                                                          1. Statoliths
                                                                            1. Endodermal Cells
                                                                              1. Root Cap Function
                                                                              2. Signal Transduction
                                                                                1. Auxin Transport
                                                                                  1. Calcium Signaling
                                                                                    1. Gene Expression Changes
                                                                                  2. Root Gravitropism
                                                                                    1. Positive Gravitropism
                                                                                      1. Columella Cells
                                                                                        1. Auxin Redistribution
                                                                                          1. Growth Responses
                                                                                          2. Shoot Gravitropism
                                                                                            1. Negative Gravitropism
                                                                                              1. Endodermal Statoliths
                                                                                                1. Differential Growth
                                                                                                2. Ecological Significance
                                                                                                  1. Root Anchoring
                                                                                                    1. Shoot Positioning
                                                                                                      1. Resource Acquisition
                                                                                                    2. Mechanical Responses
                                                                                                      1. Thigmotropism
                                                                                                        1. Touch-Sensitive Growth
                                                                                                          1. Tendril Coiling
                                                                                                            1. Climbing Mechanisms
                                                                                                            2. Thigmomorphogenesis
                                                                                                              1. Wind-Induced Changes
                                                                                                                1. Stem Thickening
                                                                                                                  1. Mechanical Strengthening
                                                                                                                  2. Seismonasty
                                                                                                                    1. Rapid Movement Responses
                                                                                                                      1. Mimosa Leaf Folding
                                                                                                                        1. Venus Flytrap Closure
                                                                                                                        2. Mechanosensitive Channels
                                                                                                                          1. Stretch-Activated Channels
                                                                                                                            1. Calcium Influx
                                                                                                                              1. Signal Transduction
                                                                                                                            2. Temperature Responses
                                                                                                                              1. Heat Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                1. Heat Shock Proteins
                                                                                                                                  1. Protein Folding
                                                                                                                                    1. Cellular Protection
                                                                                                                                      1. Stress Memory
                                                                                                                                      2. Membrane Adaptations
                                                                                                                                        1. Lipid Composition Changes
                                                                                                                                          1. Membrane Stability
                                                                                                                                          2. Metabolic Adjustments
                                                                                                                                            1. Enzyme Thermostability
                                                                                                                                              1. Antioxidant Systems
                                                                                                                                            2. Cold Acclimation
                                                                                                                                              1. Membrane Modifications
                                                                                                                                                1. Fatty Acid Desaturation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Sterol Content Changes
                                                                                                                                                  2. Protein Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                    1. Cold-Responsive Proteins
                                                                                                                                                      1. Antifreeze Proteins
                                                                                                                                                      2. Metabolic Changes
                                                                                                                                                        1. Sugar Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                          1. Proline Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                        2. Freezing Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                          1. Ice Nucleation Control
                                                                                                                                                            1. Cellular Dehydration
                                                                                                                                                              1. Cryoprotectant Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                              2. Vernalization
                                                                                                                                                                1. Cold Requirement for Flowering
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Epigenetic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Water and Osmotic Stress
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Drought Responses
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stomatal Closure
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cuticular Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Leaf Rolling
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Osmotic Adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Solute Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Compatible Solutes
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Turgor Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Morphological Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Root System Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Leaf Area Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Succulent Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Salt Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ion Exclusion
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Selective Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Root Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ion Compartmentalization
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vacuolar Sequestration
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tissue-Specific Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Osmotic Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Compatible Solute Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Enzyme Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stress-Responsive Genes
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transcription Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Signaling Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hormone Involvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Biotic Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pathogen Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Preformed Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Physical Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Antimicrobial Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Toxic Metabolites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Induced Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hypersensitive Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cell Wall Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Antimicrobial Protein Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Systemic Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Systemic Acquired Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Induced Systemic Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Long-Distance Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Herbivore Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Physical Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thorns and Spines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tough Leaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Waxy Surfaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Chemical Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Alkaloids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Phenolic Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Protease Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Induced Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Volatile Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Defensive Protein Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Indirect Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Recognition Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pattern Recognition Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Effector-Triggered Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gene-for-Gene Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Signaling Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Salicylic Acid Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Jasmonic Acid Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ethylene Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cross-Talk Between Pathways

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          10. Plant Hormones and Signaling

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Back to Start

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Introduction to Plant Physiology