Plant Physiology

  1. Plant Mineral Nutrition
    1. Essential Nutrients
      1. Criteria for Essentiality
        1. Direct Involvement in Metabolism
          1. Deficiency Symptoms
            1. Irreplaceable Function
            2. Nutrient Classification
              1. Macronutrients vs Micronutrients
                1. Mobile vs Immobile Nutrients
                  1. Structural vs Catalytic Functions
                  2. Macronutrients
                    1. Nitrogen
                      1. Chemical Forms
                        1. Nitrate
                          1. Ammonium
                            1. Organic Nitrogen
                            2. Functions in Plants
                              1. Protein Synthesis
                                1. Nucleic Acid Formation
                                  1. Chlorophyll Structure
                                  2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                    1. Chlorosis
                                      1. Stunted Growth
                                        1. Reduced Protein Content
                                        2. Uptake and Assimilation
                                        3. Phosphorus
                                          1. Chemical Forms
                                            1. Phosphate
                                              1. Organic Phosphorus
                                              2. Functions in Plants
                                                1. Energy Transfer
                                                  1. Nucleic Acid Structure
                                                    1. Membrane Components
                                                    2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                      1. Purple Coloration
                                                        1. Delayed Maturity
                                                          1. Poor Root Development
                                                          2. Uptake and Metabolism
                                                          3. Potassium
                                                            1. Chemical Forms
                                                              1. Potassium Ion
                                                              2. Functions in Plants
                                                                1. Enzyme Activation
                                                                  1. Osmotic Regulation
                                                                    1. Stomatal Function
                                                                    2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                      1. Marginal Leaf Burn
                                                                        1. Weak Stems
                                                                          1. Poor Disease Resistance
                                                                          2. Transport and Distribution
                                                                          3. Calcium
                                                                            1. Chemical Forms
                                                                              1. Calcium Ion
                                                                              2. Functions in Plants
                                                                                1. Cell Wall Structure
                                                                                  1. Membrane Stability
                                                                                    1. Signal Transduction
                                                                                    2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                      1. Tip Burn
                                                                                        1. Blossom End Rot
                                                                                          1. Poor Root Growth
                                                                                          2. Uptake and Transport
                                                                                          3. Magnesium
                                                                                            1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                              1. Magnesium Ion
                                                                                              2. Functions in Plants
                                                                                                1. Chlorophyll Structure
                                                                                                  1. Enzyme Activation
                                                                                                    1. Ribosome Structure
                                                                                                    2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                      1. Interveinal Chlorosis
                                                                                                        1. Premature Leaf Drop
                                                                                                        2. Mobility and Redistribution
                                                                                                        3. Sulfur
                                                                                                          1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                                            1. Sulfate
                                                                                                              1. Organic Sulfur
                                                                                                              2. Functions in Plants
                                                                                                                1. Protein Structure
                                                                                                                  1. Enzyme Function
                                                                                                                    1. Secondary Metabolites
                                                                                                                    2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                      1. General Chlorosis
                                                                                                                        1. Reduced Growth
                                                                                                                        2. Assimilation Pathway
                                                                                                                      2. Micronutrients
                                                                                                                        1. Iron
                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                              1. Electron Transport
                                                                                                                                1. Chlorophyll Synthesis
                                                                                                                                  1. Enzyme Cofactor
                                                                                                                                  2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                    1. Uptake Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                    2. Manganese
                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                          1. Photosystem II
                                                                                                                                            1. Enzyme Activation
                                                                                                                                            2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                              1. Transport and Storage
                                                                                                                                              2. Boron
                                                                                                                                                1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell Wall Structure
                                                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Function
                                                                                                                                                      2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                        1. Uptake and Distribution
                                                                                                                                                        2. Zinc
                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                              1. Enzyme Structure
                                                                                                                                                                1. Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Homeostasis Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Copper
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electron Transport
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Enzyme Function
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Toxicity Issues
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Molybdenum
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nitrate Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Uptake and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Chlorine
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Photosystem II
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Osmotic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transport Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Nickel
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chemical Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Urease Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nitrogen Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Recent Discovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Visual Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Leaf Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Growth Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Color Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Metabolic Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Growth Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reproductive Failure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mobility Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mobile Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Symptom Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Redistribution Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Immobile Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Symptom Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Localized Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Toxicity Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Excess Nutrient Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ion Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Physiological Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nutrient Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Synergistic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Antagonistic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Balance Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Soil and Nutrient Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Soil Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mineral Particles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sand, Silt, Clay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Weathering Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Organic Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Humus Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Soil Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ion Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. pH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Soil Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Texture and Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Particle Size Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Porosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. pH and Buffering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hydrogen Ion Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Buffering Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cation Exchange Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clay Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Organic Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ion Retention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Rhizosphere Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Root Exudates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Organic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Signaling Molecules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Microbial Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bacterial Populations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fungal Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Mycorrhizal Associations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ectomycorrhizae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Host Specificity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Endomycorrhizae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vesicular Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phosphorus Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Benefits to Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enhanced Nutrient Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Disease Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nitrogen Cycle Overview
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Atmospheric Nitrogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nitrogen Forms in Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ammonium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nitrate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Organic Nitrogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Nitrification Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ammonia Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nitrite Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Denitrification Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anaerobic Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nitrogen Gas Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nitrogenase Enzyme
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oxygen Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Energy Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Recognition and Infection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nodule Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bacteroid Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nitrogen Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Other Symbiotic Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Actinorhizal Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cyanobacterial Symbioses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Asymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Free-Living Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Associative Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Oxygen Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Energy Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nitrogen Feedback
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Controls

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  6. Photosynthesis