Plant Physiology

5.

Plant Mineral Nutrition

5.1.

Essential Nutrients

5.1.1.

Criteria for Essentiality

5.1.1.1.

Direct Involvement in Metabolism

5.1.1.2.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.1.3.

Irreplaceable Function

5.1.2.

Nutrient Classification

5.1.2.1.

Macronutrients vs Micronutrients

5.1.2.2.

Mobile vs Immobile Nutrients

5.1.2.3.

Structural vs Catalytic Functions

5.1.3.

5.1.3.1.

5.1.3.1.1.

5.1.3.1.1.1.

5.1.3.1.1.2.

5.1.3.1.1.3.

Organic Nitrogen

5.1.3.1.2.

Functions in Plants

5.1.3.1.2.1.

Protein Synthesis

5.1.3.1.2.2.

Nucleic Acid Formation

5.1.3.1.2.3.

Chlorophyll Structure

5.1.3.1.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.3.1.3.1.

5.1.3.1.3.2.

5.1.3.1.3.3.

Reduced Protein Content

5.1.3.1.4.

Uptake and Assimilation

5.1.3.2.

5.1.3.2.1.

5.1.3.2.1.1.

5.1.3.2.1.2.

Organic Phosphorus

5.1.3.2.2.

Functions in Plants

5.1.3.2.2.1.

Energy Transfer

5.1.3.2.2.2.

Nucleic Acid Structure

5.1.3.2.2.3.

Membrane Components

5.1.3.2.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.3.2.3.1.

Purple Coloration

5.1.3.2.3.2.

Delayed Maturity

5.1.3.2.3.3.

Poor Root Development

5.1.3.2.4.

Uptake and Metabolism

5.1.3.3.

5.1.3.3.1.

5.1.3.3.1.1.

5.1.3.3.2.

Functions in Plants

5.1.3.3.2.1.

Enzyme Activation

5.1.3.3.2.2.

Osmotic Regulation

5.1.3.3.2.3.

Stomatal Function

5.1.3.3.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.3.3.3.1.

Marginal Leaf Burn

5.1.3.3.3.2.

5.1.3.3.3.3.

Poor Disease Resistance

5.1.3.3.4.

Transport and Distribution

5.1.3.4.

5.1.3.4.1.

5.1.3.4.1.1.

5.1.3.4.2.

Functions in Plants

5.1.3.4.2.1.

Cell Wall Structure

5.1.3.4.2.2.

Membrane Stability

5.1.3.4.2.3.

Signal Transduction

5.1.3.4.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.3.4.3.1.

5.1.3.4.3.2.

Blossom End Rot

5.1.3.4.3.3.

Poor Root Growth

5.1.3.4.4.

Uptake and Transport

5.1.3.5.

5.1.3.5.1.

5.1.3.5.1.1.

5.1.3.5.2.

Functions in Plants

5.1.3.5.2.1.

Chlorophyll Structure

5.1.3.5.2.2.

Enzyme Activation

5.1.3.5.2.3.

Ribosome Structure

5.1.3.5.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.3.5.3.1.

Interveinal Chlorosis

5.1.3.5.3.2.

Premature Leaf Drop

5.1.3.5.4.

Mobility and Redistribution

5.1.3.6.

5.1.3.6.1.

5.1.3.6.1.1.

5.1.3.6.1.2.

5.1.3.6.2.

Functions in Plants

5.1.3.6.2.1.

Protein Structure

5.1.3.6.2.2.

Enzyme Function

5.1.3.6.2.3.

Secondary Metabolites

5.1.3.6.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.3.6.3.1.

General Chlorosis

5.1.3.6.3.2.

5.1.3.6.4.

Assimilation Pathway

5.1.4.

5.1.4.1.

5.1.4.1.1.

5.1.4.1.2.

5.1.4.1.2.1.

Electron Transport

5.1.4.1.2.2.

Chlorophyll Synthesis

5.1.4.1.2.3.

Enzyme Cofactor

5.1.4.1.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.4.1.4.

Uptake Mechanisms

5.1.4.2.

5.1.4.2.1.

5.1.4.2.2.

5.1.4.2.2.1.

5.1.4.2.2.2.

Enzyme Activation

5.1.4.2.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.4.2.4.

Transport and Storage

5.1.4.3.

5.1.4.3.1.

5.1.4.3.2.

5.1.4.3.2.1.

Cell Wall Structure

5.1.4.3.2.2.

Membrane Function

5.1.4.3.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.4.3.4.

Uptake and Distribution

5.1.4.4.

5.1.4.4.1.

5.1.4.4.2.

5.1.4.4.2.1.

Enzyme Structure

5.1.4.4.2.2.

Protein Synthesis

5.1.4.4.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.4.4.4.

Homeostasis Mechanisms

5.1.4.5.

5.1.4.5.1.

5.1.4.5.2.

5.1.4.5.2.1.

Electron Transport

5.1.4.5.2.2.

Enzyme Function

5.1.4.5.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.4.5.4.

Toxicity Issues

5.1.4.6.

5.1.4.6.1.

5.1.4.6.2.

5.1.4.6.2.1.

Nitrogen Fixation

5.1.4.6.2.2.

Nitrate Reduction

5.1.4.6.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.4.6.4.

Uptake and Metabolism

5.1.4.7.

5.1.4.7.1.

5.1.4.7.2.

5.1.4.7.2.1.

5.1.4.7.2.2.

Osmotic Regulation

5.1.4.7.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.4.7.4.

Transport Mechanisms

5.1.4.8.

5.1.4.8.1.

5.1.4.8.2.

5.1.4.8.2.1.

Urease Activity

5.1.4.8.2.2.

Nitrogen Metabolism

5.1.4.8.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.1.4.8.4.

Recent Discovery

5.2.

Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity

5.2.1.

Deficiency Symptoms

5.2.1.1.

Visual Diagnosis

5.2.1.1.1.

5.2.1.1.2.

Growth Patterns

5.2.1.1.3.

5.2.1.2.

Physiological Effects

5.2.1.2.1.

Metabolic Disruption

5.2.1.2.2.

Growth Inhibition

5.2.1.2.3.

Reproductive Failure

5.2.2.

Mobility Patterns

5.2.2.1.

Mobile Nutrients

5.2.2.1.1.

Symptom Patterns

5.2.2.1.2.

Redistribution Mechanisms

5.2.2.2.

Immobile Nutrients

5.2.2.2.1.

Symptom Patterns

5.2.2.2.2.

Localized Effects

5.2.3.

Toxicity Symptoms

5.2.3.1.

Excess Nutrient Effects

5.2.3.2.

Ion Interactions

5.2.3.3.

Physiological Damage

5.2.4.

Nutrient Interactions

5.2.4.1.

Synergistic Effects

5.2.4.2.

Antagonistic Effects

5.2.4.3.

Balance Requirements

5.3.

Soil and Nutrient Availability

5.3.1.

Soil Composition

5.3.1.1.

Mineral Particles

5.3.1.1.1.

Sand, Silt, Clay

5.3.1.1.2.

Weathering Processes

5.3.1.2.

5.3.1.2.1.

Humus Formation

5.3.1.2.2.

Nutrient Release

5.3.1.3.

5.3.1.3.1.

Ion Concentrations

5.3.1.3.2.

5.3.2.

Soil Properties

5.3.2.1.

Texture and Structure

5.3.2.1.1.

Particle Size Distribution

5.3.2.1.2.

5.3.2.1.3.

5.3.2.2.

pH and Buffering

5.3.2.2.1.

Hydrogen Ion Activity

5.3.2.2.2.

Nutrient Availability

5.3.2.2.3.

Buffering Capacity

5.3.2.3.

Cation Exchange Capacity

5.3.2.3.1.

5.3.2.3.2.

5.3.2.3.3.

5.3.3.

Rhizosphere Interactions

5.3.3.1.

5.3.3.1.1.

5.3.3.1.2.

5.3.3.1.3.

Signaling Molecules

5.3.3.2.

Microbial Communities

5.3.3.2.1.

Bacterial Populations

5.3.3.2.2.

Fungal Networks

5.3.3.2.3.

Nutrient Cycling

5.3.4.

Mycorrhizal Associations

5.3.4.1.

Ectomycorrhizae

5.3.4.1.1.

Structure and Function

5.3.4.1.2.

Host Specificity

5.3.4.1.3.

Nutrient Exchange

5.3.4.2.

Endomycorrhizae

5.3.4.2.1.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

5.3.4.2.2.

Vesicular Structures

5.3.4.2.3.

Phosphorus Uptake

5.3.4.3.

Benefits to Plants

5.3.4.3.1.

Enhanced Nutrient Uptake

5.3.4.3.2.

Stress Tolerance

5.3.4.3.3.

Disease Protection

5.4.

Nitrogen Fixation

5.4.1.

Nitrogen Cycle Overview

5.4.1.1.

Atmospheric Nitrogen

5.4.1.2.

Nitrogen Forms in Soil

5.4.1.2.1.

5.4.1.2.2.

5.4.1.2.3.

Organic Nitrogen

5.4.1.3.

Nitrification Process

5.4.1.3.1.

Ammonia Oxidation

5.4.1.3.2.

Nitrite Oxidation

5.4.1.4.

Denitrification Process

5.4.1.4.1.

Anaerobic Conditions

5.4.1.4.2.

Nitrogen Gas Production

5.4.2.

Biological Nitrogen Fixation

5.4.2.1.

Nitrogenase Enzyme

5.4.2.1.1.

Structure and Function

5.4.2.1.2.

Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor

5.4.2.1.3.

Oxygen Sensitivity

5.4.2.1.4.

Energy Requirements

5.4.2.2.

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

5.4.2.2.1.

Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis

5.4.2.2.1.1.

Recognition and Infection

5.4.2.2.1.2.

Nodule Development

5.4.2.2.1.3.

Bacteroid Formation

5.4.2.2.1.4.

Nitrogen Exchange

5.4.2.2.2.

Other Symbiotic Systems

5.4.2.2.2.1.

Actinorhizal Plants

5.4.2.2.2.2.

Cyanobacterial Symbioses

5.4.2.3.

Asymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

5.4.2.3.1.

Free-Living Bacteria

5.4.2.3.2.

Associative Bacteria

5.4.2.3.3.

Environmental Factors

5.4.3.

Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation

5.4.3.1.

Oxygen Protection

5.4.3.2.

5.4.3.3.

Nitrogen Feedback

5.4.3.4.

Environmental Controls

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