Human Anatomy

  1. The Cardiovascular System
    1. The Heart
      1. Location and Orientation in the Thorax
        1. Mediastinum Position
          1. Anatomical Relationships
          2. Pericardium
            1. Fibrous Pericardium
              1. Structure
                1. Function
                2. Serous Pericardium
                  1. Parietal Layer
                    1. Visceral Layer
                      1. Pericardial Cavity
                    2. Layers of the Heart Wall
                      1. Epicardium
                        1. Structure
                          1. Function
                          2. Myocardium
                            1. Structure
                              1. Function
                                1. Cardiac Muscle Properties
                                2. Endocardium
                                  1. Structure
                                    1. Function
                                  2. Chambers of the Heart
                                    1. Right Atrium
                                      1. Structure
                                        1. Features
                                          1. Function
                                          2. Right Ventricle
                                            1. Structure
                                              1. Features
                                                1. Function
                                                2. Left Atrium
                                                  1. Structure
                                                    1. Features
                                                      1. Function
                                                      2. Left Ventricle
                                                        1. Structure
                                                          1. Features
                                                            1. Function
                                                          2. Great Vessels of the Heart
                                                            1. Aorta
                                                              1. Ascending Aorta
                                                                1. Aortic Arch
                                                                  1. Descending Aorta
                                                                  2. Pulmonary Trunk
                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                      1. Branches
                                                                      2. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
                                                                        1. Superior Vena Cava
                                                                          1. Inferior Vena Cava
                                                                          2. Pulmonary Veins
                                                                            1. Number
                                                                              1. Function
                                                                            2. Heart Valves
                                                                              1. Atrioventricular Valves
                                                                                1. Tricuspid Valve
                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                    1. Function
                                                                                    2. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                        2. Chordae Tendineae
                                                                                          1. Papillary Muscles
                                                                                          2. Semilunar Valves
                                                                                            1. Pulmonary Valve
                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                1. Function
                                                                                                2. Aortic Valve
                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                    1. Function
                                                                                                3. Coronary Circulation
                                                                                                  1. Coronary Arteries
                                                                                                    1. Right Coronary Artery
                                                                                                      1. Left Coronary Artery
                                                                                                        1. Major Branches
                                                                                                        2. Cardiac Veins
                                                                                                          1. Great Cardiac Vein
                                                                                                            1. Middle Cardiac Vein
                                                                                                              1. Small Cardiac Vein
                                                                                                              2. Coronary Sinus
                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                  1. Function
                                                                                                                2. Cardiac Conduction System
                                                                                                                  1. SA Node
                                                                                                                    1. Location
                                                                                                                      1. Function
                                                                                                                        1. Pacemaker Activity
                                                                                                                        2. AV Node
                                                                                                                          1. Location
                                                                                                                            1. Function
                                                                                                                              1. Conduction Delay
                                                                                                                              2. Bundle of His
                                                                                                                                1. Location
                                                                                                                                  1. Function
                                                                                                                                  2. Bundle Branches
                                                                                                                                    1. Right Bundle Branch
                                                                                                                                      1. Left Bundle Branch
                                                                                                                                      2. Purkinje Fibers
                                                                                                                                        1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                          1. Function
                                                                                                                                        2. Cardiac Cycle
                                                                                                                                          1. Systole and Diastole
                                                                                                                                            1. Atrial Systole
                                                                                                                                              1. Ventricular Systole
                                                                                                                                                1. Ventricular Diastole
                                                                                                                                                2. Heart Sounds
                                                                                                                                                  1. S1 (Lub)
                                                                                                                                                    1. S2 (Dub)
                                                                                                                                                      1. Additional Sounds
                                                                                                                                                      2. Pressure Changes
                                                                                                                                                        1. Volume Changes
                                                                                                                                                        2. Regulation of Heart Rate
                                                                                                                                                          1. Neural Control
                                                                                                                                                            1. Sympathetic Effects
                                                                                                                                                              1. Parasympathetic Effects
                                                                                                                                                              2. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                1. Epinephrine
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Thyroid Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Other Factors
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electrolytes
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Heart Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Myocardial Infarction
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Arrhythmias
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Heart Failure
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Blood Vessels
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure of Blood Vessel Walls
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tunica Intima
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Endothelium
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Subendothelial Layer
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Tunica Media
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Smooth Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Elastic Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Tunica Externa
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vasa Vasorum
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Types of Blood Vessels
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Elastic Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Muscular Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Arterioles
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Resistance Vessels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Capillaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Continuous Capillaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fenestrated Capillaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sinusoidal Capillaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Venules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Venous Valves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Major Arteries of the Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Aorta and Branches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ascending Aorta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aortic Arch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thoracic Aorta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Abdominal Aorta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Head and Neck Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carotid Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vertebral Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Upper Limb Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Subclavian Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Axillary Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Brachial Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Radial and Ulnar Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Lower Limb Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Iliac Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Femoral Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Popliteal Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tibial Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Visceral Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Renal Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mesenteric Arteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hepatic Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Major Veins of the Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Superior Vena Cava Tributaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Inferior Vena Cava Tributaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Head and Neck Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Jugular Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vertebral Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Upper Limb Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Subclavian Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Axillary Vein
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Brachial Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cephalic and Basilic Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Lower Limb Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Iliac Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Femoral Vein
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Popliteal Vein
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Saphenous Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Special Venous Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hepatic Portal System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pulmonary Veins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Capillary Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanisms of Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Osmosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Starling Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hydrostatic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Osmotic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Net Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Blood Pressure and Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Systolic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Diastolic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pulse Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cardiac Output
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Peripheral Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Blood Volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Regulation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Baroreceptor Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemoreceptor Reflex
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Blood
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Composition of Blood
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plasma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Water Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Albumin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Globulins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fibrinogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Solutes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electrolytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wastes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Formed Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biconcave Shape
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lack of Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flexibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Hemoglobin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Oxygen Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Carbon Dioxide Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Erythropoiesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Types of Leukocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Neutrophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. B Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. T Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Natural Killer Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Monocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Eosinophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Basophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Functions in Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Phagocytosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Antibody Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell-Mediated Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cell Fragments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Granule Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Hemostasis and Clotting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vascular Spasm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Platelet Plug Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Coagulation Cascade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Blood Typing and Transfusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. ABO Blood Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. A Antigen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. B Antigen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anti-A Antibody
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anti-B Antibody
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Compatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Rh Factor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Rh Positive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rh Negative
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rh Incompatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Blood Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anemia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Leukemia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Hemophilia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Treatment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                9. The Lymphatic and Immune System