Human Anatomy

  1. The Digestive System
    1. Functions of the Digestive System
      1. Ingestion
        1. Food Intake
          1. Oral Processing
          2. Propulsion
            1. Swallowing
              1. Peristalsis
              2. Mechanical Digestion
                1. Chewing
                  1. Churning
                    1. Segmentation
                    2. Chemical Digestion
                      1. Enzymatic Breakdown
                        1. Acid Hydrolysis
                        2. Absorption
                          1. Nutrient Uptake
                            1. Water Absorption
                            2. Defecation
                              1. Waste Elimination
                            3. The Alimentary Canal (Gastrointestinal Tract)
                              1. Mouth (Oral Cavity)
                                1. Teeth
                                  1. Types of Teeth
                                    1. Incisors
                                      1. Canines
                                        1. Premolars
                                          1. Molars
                                          2. Tooth Structure
                                            1. Crown
                                              1. Root
                                                1. Enamel
                                                  1. Dentin
                                                    1. Pulp
                                                  2. Tongue
                                                    1. Structure
                                                      1. Functions
                                                        1. Taste
                                                          1. Speech
                                                            1. Swallowing
                                                          2. Salivary Glands
                                                            1. Parotid Glands
                                                              1. Submandibular Glands
                                                                1. Sublingual Glands
                                                                  1. Saliva Composition
                                                                    1. Saliva Functions
                                                                    2. Palate
                                                                      1. Hard Palate
                                                                        1. Soft Palate
                                                                          1. Uvula
                                                                        2. Pharynx
                                                                          1. Oropharynx
                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                              1. Function in Swallowing
                                                                              2. Laryngopharynx
                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                  1. Function in Swallowing
                                                                                2. Esophagus
                                                                                  1. Structure and Function
                                                                                    1. Muscular Tube
                                                                                      1. Sphincters
                                                                                        1. Upper Esophageal Sphincter
                                                                                          1. Lower Esophageal Sphincter
                                                                                        2. Swallowing Mechanism
                                                                                          1. Voluntary Phase
                                                                                            1. Pharyngeal Phase
                                                                                              1. Esophageal Phase
                                                                                            2. Stomach
                                                                                              1. Gross Anatomy
                                                                                                1. Regions
                                                                                                  1. Fundus
                                                                                                    1. Body
                                                                                                      1. Antrum
                                                                                                        1. Pylorus
                                                                                                        2. Curvatures
                                                                                                          1. Greater Curvature
                                                                                                            1. Lesser Curvature
                                                                                                          2. Microscopic Anatomy
                                                                                                            1. Gastric Glands
                                                                                                              1. Cell Types
                                                                                                                1. Parietal Cells
                                                                                                                  1. Chief Cells
                                                                                                                    1. Mucous Cells
                                                                                                                      1. G Cells
                                                                                                                    2. Gastric Secretions
                                                                                                                      1. Hydrochloric Acid
                                                                                                                        1. Pepsinogen
                                                                                                                          1. Intrinsic Factor
                                                                                                                            1. Gastrin
                                                                                                                            2. Regulation of Gastric Activity
                                                                                                                              1. Cephalic Phase
                                                                                                                                1. Gastric Phase
                                                                                                                                  1. Intestinal Phase
                                                                                                                                2. Small Intestine
                                                                                                                                  1. Duodenum
                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                        1. Pancreatic and Bile Ducts
                                                                                                                                        2. Jejunum
                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                            2. Ileum
                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                  1. Ileocecal Valve
                                                                                                                                                  2. Villi and Microvilli
                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                        1. Surface Area Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                        2. Digestive Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                          1. Brush Border Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                            1. Pancreatic Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                          2. Large Intestine
                                                                                                                                                            1. Cecum
                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                1. Appendix
                                                                                                                                                                2. Colon
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ascending Colon
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transverse Colon
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Descending Colon
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sigmoid Colon
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Rectum
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Anal Canal
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sphincters
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Internal Anal Sphincter
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. External Anal Sphincter
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Functions of the Large Intestine
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electrolyte Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Feces Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bacterial Flora
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Accessory Digestive Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Liver
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gross Anatomy
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lobes
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Right Lobe
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Left Lobe
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quadrate Lobe
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Caudate Lobe
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Blood Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hepatic Artery
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Portal Vein
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Microscopic Anatomy (Lobules)
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hepatocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sinusoids
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Central Vein
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Portal Triad
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bile Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Carbohydrate Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lipid Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Protein Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Detoxification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Gallbladder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bile Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bile Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Bile Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. CCK Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sphincter of Oddi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pancreas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Exocrine Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Digestive Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Proteases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lipases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Amylases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Bicarbonate Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Endocrine Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Islets of Langerhans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Insulin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Glucagon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. The Peritoneum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Parietal and Visceral Peritoneum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Parietal Peritoneum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Visceral Peritoneum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Peritoneal Cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Peritoneal Fluid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mesenteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Greater Omentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lesser Omentum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mesentery Proper
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mesocolon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Digestive System Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Peptic Ulcers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gastric Ulcers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Duodenal Ulcers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Hepatitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Gallstones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Treatment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              12. The Urinary System