Human Anatomy

  1. The Endocrine System
    1. Overview of Glands and Hormones
      1. Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
        1. Structural Differences
          1. Functional Differences
          2. Hormone Types
            1. Peptide Hormones
              1. Structure
                1. Mechanism of Action
                2. Steroid Hormones
                  1. Structure
                    1. Mechanism of Action
                    2. Amino Acid Derivatives
                      1. Structure
                        1. Mechanism of Action
                      2. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
                        1. Second Messenger Systems
                          1. Direct Gene Activation
                            1. Membrane Effects
                            2. Regulation of Hormone Secretion
                              1. Negative Feedback
                                1. Mechanism
                                2. Positive Feedback
                                  1. Mechanism
                                  2. Neural Control
                                    1. Hormonal Control
                                  3. The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
                                    1. Structure of the Pituitary Gland
                                      1. Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
                                        1. Structure
                                          1. Cell Types
                                          2. Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
                                            1. Structure
                                              1. Neural Connections
                                            2. Hypothalamic Control of Pituitary
                                              1. Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
                                                1. Releasing Hormones
                                                  1. Inhibiting Hormones
                                                  2. Major Hormones and Functions
                                                    1. Anterior Pituitary Hormones
                                                      1. Growth Hormone (GH)
                                                        1. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
                                                          1. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
                                                            1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
                                                              1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
                                                                1. Prolactin
                                                                2. Posterior Pituitary Hormones
                                                                  1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
                                                                    1. Oxytocin
                                                                3. The Thyroid Gland
                                                                  1. Structure and Location
                                                                    1. Gross Anatomy
                                                                      1. Microscopic Anatomy
                                                                        1. Follicles
                                                                          1. Parafollicular Cells
                                                                        2. Hormones Produced
                                                                          1. Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)
                                                                            1. Synthesis
                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                              2. Calcitonin
                                                                                1. Synthesis
                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                2. Regulation of Thyroid Function
                                                                                  1. TSH Control
                                                                                    1. Negative Feedback
                                                                                      1. Iodine Requirements
                                                                                    2. The Parathyroid Glands
                                                                                      1. Structure and Location
                                                                                        1. Number and Position
                                                                                          1. Microscopic Anatomy
                                                                                          2. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
                                                                                            1. Synthesis
                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                1. Target Organs
                                                                                                2. Calcium Homeostasis
                                                                                                  1. PTH Effects
                                                                                                    1. Calcitonin Effects
                                                                                                      1. Vitamin D Role
                                                                                                    2. The Adrenal Glands
                                                                                                      1. Adrenal Cortex
                                                                                                        1. Zones of the Cortex
                                                                                                          1. Zona Glomerulosa
                                                                                                            1. Zona Fasciculata
                                                                                                              1. Zona Reticularis
                                                                                                              2. Hormones Produced
                                                                                                                1. Mineralocorticoids
                                                                                                                  1. Glucocorticoids
                                                                                                                    1. Androgens
                                                                                                                  2. Adrenal Medulla
                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                      1. Hormones Produced
                                                                                                                        1. Epinephrine
                                                                                                                          1. Norepinephrine
                                                                                                                          2. Sympathetic Response
                                                                                                                            1. Fight-or-Flight Response
                                                                                                                              1. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                                          3. The Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
                                                                                                                            1. Endocrine and Exocrine Functions
                                                                                                                              1. Dual Nature
                                                                                                                                1. Anatomical Separation
                                                                                                                                2. Insulin and Glucagon
                                                                                                                                  1. Insulin
                                                                                                                                    1. Synthesis
                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                        1. Target Tissues
                                                                                                                                        2. Glucagon
                                                                                                                                          1. Synthesis
                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                              1. Target Tissues
                                                                                                                                            2. Blood Glucose Regulation
                                                                                                                                              1. Normal Glucose Levels
                                                                                                                                                1. Insulin Effects
                                                                                                                                                  1. Glucagon Effects
                                                                                                                                                    1. Feedback Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                  2. The Gonads
                                                                                                                                                    1. Ovaries
                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                        1. Hormones Produced
                                                                                                                                                          1. Estrogens
                                                                                                                                                            1. Progesterone
                                                                                                                                                            2. Role in Female Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                              1. Menstrual Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                1. Pregnancy
                                                                                                                                                              2. Testes
                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hormones Produced
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Testosterone
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Inhibin
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Role in Male Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spermatogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Secondary Sex Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                      3. The Pineal Gland
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure and Location
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Melatonin Production
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Regulation of Circadian Rhythms
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Light-Dark Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sleep-Wake Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                2. The Thymus
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Location
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Role in Immune Function
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. T Cell Maturation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Immune Development
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hormones Produced
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Thymosin
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thymopoietin
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Endocrine Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Diabetes Mellitus
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Type 1 Diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Type 2 Diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gestational Diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hyperthyroidism
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hypothyroidism
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Addison's Disease and Cushing's Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Addison's Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cushing's Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Symptoms

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              6. The Nervous System

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                                                                                                                                                                                                              8. The Cardiovascular System