Human Anatomy

7.

The Endocrine System

7.1.

Overview of Glands and Hormones

7.1.1.

Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

7.1.1.1.

Structural Differences

7.1.1.2.

Functional Differences

7.1.2.

7.1.2.1.

Peptide Hormones

7.1.2.1.1.

7.1.2.1.2.

Mechanism of Action

7.1.2.2.

Steroid Hormones

7.1.2.2.1.

7.1.2.2.2.

Mechanism of Action

7.1.2.3.

Amino Acid Derivatives

7.1.2.3.1.

7.1.2.3.2.

Mechanism of Action

7.1.3.

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

7.1.3.1.

Second Messenger Systems

7.1.3.2.

Direct Gene Activation

7.1.3.3.

Membrane Effects

7.1.4.

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

7.1.4.1.

Negative Feedback

7.1.4.1.1.

7.1.4.2.

Positive Feedback

7.1.4.2.1.

7.1.4.3.

7.1.4.4.

Hormonal Control

7.2.

The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

7.2.1.

Structure of the Pituitary Gland

7.2.1.1.

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

7.2.1.1.1.

7.2.1.1.2.

7.2.1.2.

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

7.2.1.2.1.

7.2.1.2.2.

Neural Connections

7.2.2.

Hypothalamic Control of Pituitary

7.2.2.1.

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

7.2.2.2.

Releasing Hormones

7.2.2.3.

Inhibiting Hormones

7.2.3.

Major Hormones and Functions

7.2.3.1.

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

7.2.3.1.1.

Growth Hormone (GH)

7.2.3.1.2.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

7.2.3.1.3.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

7.2.3.1.4.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

7.2.3.1.5.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

7.2.3.1.6.

7.2.3.2.

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

7.2.3.2.1.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

7.2.3.2.2.

7.3.

The Thyroid Gland

7.3.1.

Structure and Location

7.3.1.1.

7.3.1.2.

Microscopic Anatomy

7.3.1.2.1.

7.3.1.2.2.

Parafollicular Cells

7.3.2.

Hormones Produced

7.3.2.1.

Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)

7.3.2.1.1.

7.3.2.1.2.

7.3.2.2.

7.3.2.2.1.

7.3.2.2.2.

7.3.3.

Regulation of Thyroid Function

7.3.3.1.

7.3.3.2.

Negative Feedback

7.3.3.3.

Iodine Requirements

7.4.

The Parathyroid Glands

7.4.1.

Structure and Location

7.4.1.1.

Number and Position

7.4.1.2.

Microscopic Anatomy

7.4.2.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

7.4.2.1.

7.4.2.2.

7.4.2.3.

7.4.3.

Calcium Homeostasis

7.4.3.1.

7.4.3.2.

Calcitonin Effects

7.4.3.3.

7.5.

The Adrenal Glands

7.5.1.

7.5.1.1.

Zones of the Cortex

7.5.1.1.1.

Zona Glomerulosa

7.5.1.1.2.

Zona Fasciculata

7.5.1.1.3.

Zona Reticularis

7.5.1.2.

Hormones Produced

7.5.1.2.1.

Mineralocorticoids

7.5.1.2.2.

Glucocorticoids

7.5.1.2.3.

7.5.2.

Adrenal Medulla

7.5.2.1.

7.5.2.2.

Hormones Produced

7.5.2.2.1.

7.5.2.2.2.

7.5.2.3.

Sympathetic Response

7.5.2.3.1.

Fight-or-Flight Response

7.5.2.3.2.

Physiological Effects

7.6.

The Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)

7.6.1.

Endocrine and Exocrine Functions

7.6.1.1.

7.6.1.2.

Anatomical Separation

7.6.2.

Insulin and Glucagon

7.6.2.1.

7.6.2.1.1.

7.6.2.1.2.

7.6.2.1.3.

7.6.2.2.

7.6.2.2.1.

7.6.2.2.2.

7.6.2.2.3.

7.6.3.

Blood Glucose Regulation

7.6.3.1.

Normal Glucose Levels

7.6.3.2.

Insulin Effects

7.6.3.3.

Glucagon Effects

7.6.3.4.

Feedback Mechanisms

7.7.

7.7.1.

7.7.1.1.

7.7.1.2.

Hormones Produced

7.7.1.2.1.

7.7.1.2.2.

7.7.1.3.

Role in Female Reproduction

7.7.1.3.1.

Menstrual Cycle

7.7.1.3.2.

7.7.2.

7.7.2.1.

7.7.2.2.

Hormones Produced

7.7.2.2.1.

7.7.2.2.2.

7.7.2.3.

Role in Male Reproduction

7.7.2.3.1.

Spermatogenesis

7.7.2.3.2.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

7.8.

The Pineal Gland

7.8.1.

Structure and Location

7.8.2.

Melatonin Production

7.8.2.1.

7.8.2.2.

7.8.3.

Regulation of Circadian Rhythms

7.8.3.1.

Light-Dark Cycles

7.8.3.2.

Sleep-Wake Patterns

7.9.

7.9.1.

Structure and Location

7.9.2.

Role in Immune Function

7.9.2.1.

T Cell Maturation

7.9.2.2.

Immune Development

7.9.3.

Hormones Produced

7.9.3.1.

7.9.3.2.

7.10.

Endocrine Disorders

7.10.1.

Diabetes Mellitus

7.10.1.1.

Type 1 Diabetes

7.10.1.2.

Type 2 Diabetes

7.10.1.3.

Gestational Diabetes

7.10.2.

Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism

7.10.2.1.

Hyperthyroidism

7.10.2.1.1.

7.10.2.1.2.

7.10.2.2.

7.10.2.2.1.

7.10.2.2.2.

7.10.3.

Addison's Disease and Cushing's Syndrome

7.10.3.1.

Addison's Disease

7.10.3.1.1.

7.10.3.1.2.

7.10.3.2.

Cushing's Syndrome

7.10.3.2.1.

7.10.3.2.2.

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