Human Anatomy

  1. The Urinary System
    1. Functions of the Urinary System
      1. Excretion of Wastes
        1. Nitrogenous Wastes
          1. Metabolic Byproducts
          2. Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure
            1. Fluid Balance
              1. Renin-Angiotensin System
              2. Regulation of Electrolytes
                1. Sodium Balance
                  1. Potassium Balance
                    1. Calcium Balance
                    2. Acid-Base Balance
                      1. pH Regulation
                        1. Bicarbonate Reabsorption
                          1. Acid Secretion
                          2. Hormone Production
                            1. Erythropoietin
                              1. Renin
                                1. Calcitriol
                              2. The Kidneys
                                1. Gross Anatomy
                                  1. Cortex
                                    1. Structure
                                      1. Functions
                                      2. Medulla
                                        1. Renal Pyramids
                                          1. Renal Columns
                                          2. Renal Pelvis
                                            1. Structure
                                              1. Function
                                              2. Hilum
                                                1. Structures Entering/Leaving
                                              3. Microscopic Anatomy
                                                1. The Nephron
                                                  1. Renal Corpuscle
                                                    1. Glomerulus
                                                      1. Structure
                                                        1. Function
                                                        2. Bowman's Capsule
                                                          1. Structure
                                                            1. Function
                                                          2. Renal Tubule
                                                            1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
                                                              1. Structure
                                                                1. Functions
                                                                2. Loop of Henle
                                                                  1. Descending Limb
                                                                    1. Ascending Limb
                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                      2. Distal Convoluted Tubule
                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                        2. Collecting Ducts
                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                          2. Types of Nephrons
                                                                            1. Cortical Nephrons
                                                                              1. Juxtamedullary Nephrons
                                                                            2. Blood Supply of the Kidney
                                                                              1. Renal Artery
                                                                                1. Segmental Arteries
                                                                                  1. Interlobar Arteries
                                                                                    1. Arcuate Arteries
                                                                                      1. Interlobular Arteries
                                                                                        1. Afferent Arterioles
                                                                                          1. Glomerular Capillaries
                                                                                            1. Efferent Arterioles
                                                                                              1. Peritubular Capillaries
                                                                                                1. Vasa Recta
                                                                                                  1. Venous Drainage
                                                                                                  2. Urine Formation
                                                                                                    1. Filtration
                                                                                                      1. Glomerular Filtration
                                                                                                        1. Filtration Pressure
                                                                                                          1. GFR Regulation
                                                                                                          2. Reabsorption
                                                                                                            1. Proximal Tubule Reabsorption
                                                                                                              1. Loop of Henle Reabsorption
                                                                                                                1. Distal Tubule Reabsorption
                                                                                                                  1. Collecting Duct Reabsorption
                                                                                                                  2. Secretion
                                                                                                                    1. Tubular Secretion
                                                                                                                      1. Substances Secreted
                                                                                                                    2. Regulation of Kidney Function
                                                                                                                      1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                        1. ADH Effects
                                                                                                                          1. Aldosterone Effects
                                                                                                                            1. ANP Effects
                                                                                                                            2. Autoregulation
                                                                                                                              1. Myogenic Response
                                                                                                                                1. Tubuloglomerular Feedback
                                                                                                                            3. The Ureters
                                                                                                                              1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                1. Muscular Tubes
                                                                                                                                  1. Ureteral Orifices
                                                                                                                                  2. Peristalsis
                                                                                                                                    1. Urine Propulsion
                                                                                                                                      1. Frequency
                                                                                                                                    2. The Urinary Bladder
                                                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                        1. Detrusor Muscle
                                                                                                                                          1. Trigone
                                                                                                                                            1. Bladder Capacity
                                                                                                                                            2. Micturition Reflex
                                                                                                                                              1. Neural Control
                                                                                                                                                1. Voluntary Control
                                                                                                                                                  1. Sphincters
                                                                                                                                                    1. Internal Urethral Sphincter
                                                                                                                                                      1. External Urethral Sphincter
                                                                                                                                                  2. The Urethra
                                                                                                                                                    1. Male vs Female Urethra
                                                                                                                                                      1. Male Urethra
                                                                                                                                                        1. Length
                                                                                                                                                          1. Regions
                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                            2. Female Urethra
                                                                                                                                                              1. Length
                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                              2. Sphincters
                                                                                                                                                                1. Internal Sphincter
                                                                                                                                                                  1. External Sphincter
                                                                                                                                                                2. Urinary System Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Kidney Stones
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Urinary Tract Infections
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cystitis
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pyelonephritis
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Renal Failure
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Acute Renal Failure
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chronic Renal Failure
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Treatment

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                                                                                                                                                                                    11. The Digestive System

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                                                                                                                                                                                    13. The Reproductive System