Human Anatomy

  1. Histology: The Study of Tissues
    1. The Cell: The Basic Unit of Life
      1. Cell Membrane Structure and Function
        1. Phospholipid Bilayer
          1. Membrane Proteins
            1. Integral Proteins
              1. Peripheral Proteins
              2. Membrane Transport
                1. Passive Transport
                  1. Active Transport
                    1. Vesicular Transport
                  2. Cytoplasm and Organelles
                    1. Nucleus
                      1. Nuclear Envelope
                        1. Nucleolus
                          1. Chromatin
                          2. Mitochondria
                            1. Structure
                              1. Function in ATP Production
                              2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
                                1. Rough ER
                                  1. Smooth ER
                                  2. Golgi Apparatus
                                    1. Structure
                                      1. Protein Processing
                                      2. Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
                                        1. Lysosome Function
                                          1. Peroxisome Function
                                          2. Cytoskeleton
                                            1. Microfilaments
                                              1. Intermediate Filaments
                                                1. Microtubules
                                              2. Cell Junctions
                                                1. Tight Junctions
                                                  1. Structure
                                                    1. Function
                                                    2. Desmosomes
                                                      1. Structure
                                                        1. Function
                                                        2. Gap Junctions
                                                          1. Structure
                                                            1. Function
                                                          2. Cell Cycle and Division
                                                            1. Cell Cycle Phases
                                                              1. G1 Phase
                                                                1. S Phase
                                                                  1. G2 Phase
                                                                    1. M Phase
                                                                    2. Mitosis
                                                                      1. Prophase
                                                                        1. Metaphase
                                                                          1. Anaphase
                                                                            1. Telophase
                                                                              1. Cytokinesis
                                                                              2. Meiosis
                                                                                1. Meiosis I
                                                                                  1. Meiosis II
                                                                                    1. Gamete Formation
                                                                                2. Epithelial Tissue
                                                                                  1. Characteristics of Epithelia
                                                                                    1. Polarity
                                                                                      1. Apical Surface
                                                                                        1. Basal Surface
                                                                                        2. Cellularity
                                                                                          1. Cell-to-Cell Contacts
                                                                                            1. Minimal Extracellular Matrix
                                                                                            2. Attachment
                                                                                              1. Basement Membrane
                                                                                                1. Basal Lamina
                                                                                                2. Avascularity
                                                                                                  1. Lack of Blood Vessels
                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Diffusion
                                                                                                    2. Regeneration
                                                                                                      1. High Mitotic Rate
                                                                                                        1. Stem Cell Populations
                                                                                                      2. Functions of Epithelia
                                                                                                        1. Protection
                                                                                                          1. Physical Barriers
                                                                                                            1. Chemical Barriers
                                                                                                            2. Absorption
                                                                                                              1. Nutrient Uptake
                                                                                                                1. Water Absorption
                                                                                                                2. Secretion
                                                                                                                  1. Glandular Secretions
                                                                                                                    1. Mucus Production
                                                                                                                    2. Sensation
                                                                                                                      1. Sensory Receptors
                                                                                                                        1. Nerve Endings
                                                                                                                      2. Classification of Epithelia
                                                                                                                        1. By Number of Cell Layers
                                                                                                                          1. Simple Epithelium
                                                                                                                            1. Single Layer
                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                              2. Stratified Epithelium
                                                                                                                                1. Multiple Layers
                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                  2. Pseudostratified Epithelium
                                                                                                                                    1. Appearance vs Reality
                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                    2. By Cell Shape
                                                                                                                                      1. Squamous
                                                                                                                                        1. Flat Cells
                                                                                                                                          1. Locations
                                                                                                                                          2. Cuboidal
                                                                                                                                            1. Cube-shaped Cells
                                                                                                                                              1. Locations
                                                                                                                                              2. Columnar
                                                                                                                                                1. Tall Cells
                                                                                                                                                  1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                  2. Transitional
                                                                                                                                                    1. Variable Shape
                                                                                                                                                      1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                  3. Specific Epithelial Types
                                                                                                                                                    1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                        1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                          2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                              1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                2. Simple Columnar Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Keratinized
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Non-keratinized
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ciliated
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Non-ciliated
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Transitional Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Glandular Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Endocrine Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hormone Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ductless Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Target Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Exocrine Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Modes of Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Merocrine Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Apocrine Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Holocrine Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Structural Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Simple Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Compound Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Functional Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Serous Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mucous Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mixed Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Characteristics of Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vascularity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blood Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lymphatic Supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Extracellular Matrix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ground Substance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Components of Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fibroblasts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Adipocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Macrophages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mast Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Plasma Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ground Substance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Variations by Tissue Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Collagen Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Elastic Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Reticular Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Types of Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Connective Tissue Proper
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Loose Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Areolar Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Adipose Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. White Adipose Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Brown Adipose Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Reticular Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Dense Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dense Regular Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Dense Irregular Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Elastic Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Cartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. General Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Avascular Nature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chondrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Matrix Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Hyaline Cartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Elastic Cartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Fibrocartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Bone (Osseous Tissue)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Compact Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Spongy Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Blood
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plasma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Formed Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Red Blood Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. White Blood Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Platelets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Muscle Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Excitability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Response to Stimuli
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electrical Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Contractility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Shortening Ability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Force Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Extensibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stretching Ability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Length Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Elasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Return to Original Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Recoil Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Skeletal Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Multinucleated Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Striated Appearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Contractile Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Voluntary Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Conscious Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Motor Unit Recruitment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cardiac Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Single Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Striated Appearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Branched Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Intercalated Discs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gap Junctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Desmosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Involuntary Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Autonomic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Intrinsic Rhythm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Smooth Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Single Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Non-striated Appearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spindle-shaped Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Locations in the Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Digestive System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Respiratory System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cardiovascular System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Urogenital System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Involuntary Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Autonomic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Nervous Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cell Body (Soma)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Organelles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nissl Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Dendrites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Axon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Axon Hillock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Axon Terminals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Signal Reception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Signal Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Signal Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Types of Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structural Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Multipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Unipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Functional Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sensory Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Motor Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Interneurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Neuroglia (Glial Cells)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Types of Glial Cells in CNS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Astrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Oligodendrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Microglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ependymal Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Types of Glial Cells in PNS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Schwann Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Myelination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Satellite Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functions

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Introduction to Human Anatomy

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. The Integumentary System